General Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What are the 7 primary functions of bones?
A
support, movement, protection, growth, storage of minerals (Ca and P), storage of fat (yellow marrow cavities), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) (red marrow cavities)
2
Q
What is osteology?
A
the study of bones
3
Q
How is the skeleton divided?
A
Appendicular (bones of the appendages) and axial skeleton (bones of the axis of the body: skull, thorax, vertebral column)
4
Q
What are the five categories of bones?
A
long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular
5
Q
What is the dominating characteristic of long bones?
A
length
6
Q
Where are long bones located?
A
In the appendages
7
Q
How many ossification centers do long bones have?
A
At least 3 (2 growth plates or more)
8
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
long, straight bone shaft that contains medullary cavity
9
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
located inside the diaphysis, contains bone marrow, reduces weight of bone
10
Q
What is the epiphysis?
A
end regions of bone
11
Q
What are the sections of long bones
A
diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, metaphysis, and metaphyseal growth plate
12
Q
What is the metaphysis?
A
region of bone lying between epiphysis and diaphysis
13
Q
What is the metaphyseal growth plate?
A
located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of cartilage cells
14
Q
Why are growth plates clinically relevant?
A
They are often a primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures, and the effects of endocrine bone disorders.
They can cause genetic conditions such as chondrodystrophy, achondroplasia, and result in dwarfism
15
Q
Where are short bones located?
A
carpal bones, sesamoid bones
16
Q
How many ossification centers do short bones have?
A
One (no growth plates)
17
Q
Describe the shape of short bones.
A
Approximate equal dimensions, cube shaped
18
Q
What are the 3 purposes of sesamoid bones?
A
eliminate tendon shear, redirect lines of force, increase torque of joint
19
Q
What type of bone is the patella?
A
sesamoid
20
Q
Sesamoid bones are a subcategory of _______ bones.
A
Short
21
Q
Describe sesamoid bones.
A
Seed-like bones embedded in muscle tendons
22
Q
What are the purposes of flat bones?
A
protection or large muscle attachment area
23
Q
What are examples of flat bones?
A
scapula, bones of the skull
24
Q
Where are irregular bones found?
A
vertebrae
25
Irregular bones are a subcategory of _________ bones.
Short
26
Name some examples of protrusions on articular surfaces and non-articular surfaces.
articular - head, condyle, trochlea
| non- articular - process, tuberosity, spine, crest
27
Name some examples of depressions/openings on articular surfaces and non-articular surfaces.
articular - glenoid cavity, acetabulum, cochlea
| non- articular - fossa, fovea, foramen
28
What is Wolff's Law?
Bony prominences will vary to some extent because bones are alive too. Normal bone remodels in response to stress placed upon it.
If a load on a particular area increases, the bone will remodel to become stronger to resist those forces (weight gain and muscle building)
29
The point of the shoulder and the point of the elbow are examples of what in applied anatomy?
Palpable or visual landmarks
30
How can normal bony landmarks and fractures/other pathology be differentiated?
radiographs
31
What is arthrology?
the study of structure and function of joints
32
What is a joint?
The point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilages
33
Are all joints movable?
No
34
What is the purpose of a joint?
to provide support and movement to the skeleton
35
What are the two main classifications of joints?
functional and structural
36
What are the three types of functional joints? Are they movable? Give brief description.
synarthroses- immovable, most refer to fibrous joints
amphiarthroses- semimovable, most refer to cartilaginous joints
diarthroses- freely movable joints, synovial joints
37
What are the three types of structural joints? Give brief description.
fibrous- strong fibrous CT between articulatig bones; bones can even fuse
cartilaginous- cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) between articulating bones; limited movement
synovial- joint cavity between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane
38
What is synostosis?
bones can fuse into a bony joint (associated with fibrous joint)
39
All synovial joints are ______.
Diarthroses joints
40
What are the three types of fibrous joint types?
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
41
What are suture joints?
fibrous joint, seams (interdigitation) of the bones of the skull
42
What is interdigitation?
Seams in bone
43
What joint is gradually eliminated via ossification and why?
suture joint, result of synostosis
44
What are gomphosis joints?
fibrous joint, tooth in alveolus united by periodontal ligament; technically not a classic joint because teeth are technically not considered bones
45
What are syndesmosis joints?
bones joined by interosseous ligaments (radius/ ulna, tibia/fibula)
46
How would you describe the connective tissue of a fibrous joint?
connecting medium = dense irregular connective tissue
47
What are two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis, symphysis
48
How would you describe the connective tissue of a cartilaginous joint?
connecting medium = hyaline or fibrocartilage
49
What are synchondrosis joints?
hyaline cartilage union
50
What are examples of synchondrosis joints?
coastal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum, growth plates
51
What are symphysis joints?
occur in the midline of the body where articulatig bones are connected via a flat disc of fibrocartilage
52
What are examples of symphysis joints?
pelvic symphysis, intevertebral discs
53
Which joint is freely movable?
Diarthrotic joints
54
Which bone surfaces are enclosed in a fluid-filled cavity?
articulating surfaces
55
How are fluid-filled cavities around articulating joints defined?
By a multilayered joint capsule
56
How many compartments are in a single joint capsule?
May have multiple
57
What covers bony articulating surfaces?
articular (hyaline) cartilage
58
What does a joint capsule consist of?
outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
59
Describe the outer fibrous layer.
It blends with the periosteum and is thickened in some joints to form ligaments
60
What is the role of synoviocytes and where are they located?
Produce synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition of the bone surfaces, found in inner synovial membrane
61
Is the innter synovial membrane vascularized? Does it have nerves?
Vascular with nerves
62
What is the purpose of intra-articular injections?
anesthetics for lameness evaluations; treatment for osteoarthritis
63
Are intra-articular injections only given in horses?
No, can be done in canine joints as well
64
What are the two accessory structures of the synovial joints?
meniscus/ menisci and ligaments
65
What cartilage makes up the meniscus and where is it located?
fibrocartilage located within the synovial cavity
66
What joints can menisci be found?
temporomandibular joint, stifle joint
67
What are two types of ligaments and where are they located?
extracapsular - located outside of the joint capsule
intracapsular - occur within the joint capsule, but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane; not technically within the joint itself, but it does appear to be so
68
How can synovial joints be classified?
by number of articulating bones, how well the bones fit together, by shape and permitted motions
69
How are synovial joints classified by number of articulating bones?
simple joint: formed by two bones
| compound joint: formed by two or more bones
70
How can synovial joints be classified by how well they fit together?
congruent joint: two articular surfaces fit each other
| incongruent joint: two articular surfaces do not fit each other
71
Name the types of movement in a synovial joints.
gliding/translation motion and angular motion
72
What are the different types of angular motion?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, pronation/supination
73
flexion
decreasing angle between bones
74
extension
increasing angle between bones to approximate 180 degrees
75
hyperextension
increasing angle past anatomical position of 180 degrees
76
abduction
moving away from median plane
77
adduction
moving towards median plane
78
circumduction
movement circumscribing a cone shape
79
rotation
medial or lateral
80
What are the 7 different motions in regards to shape and motion? Describe them briefly.
plane: permits gliding
hinge: flexion & extension/hyperextension only
spheroidal (ball & socket): permits rotation and other movements
pivot: permits rotation around the longitudinal axis of a bone
condylar: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some rotation, gliding allowed
ellipsoidal: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some rotation
saddle: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some abduction & adduction, rotation permitted
81
What is the tradeoff in extracapsular ligments?
Trade off range of movement for stability
82
What is myology?
the study of muscles
83
What is the locomotor system?
bones and joints (passive) and muscles (active)
84
What is the tendon of origin?
proximal attachment, usually fixed point of muscle attachment
85
What is the tendon of insertion?
distal attachment, usually movable point of muscle attachment
86
What is aponeurosis?
a sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment
87
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendons attach muscle to bone (or skin or another muscle)
Ligaments attach bone to bone
88
What are the 6 accessory structures to muscles?
```
sesmoid bones
synovial bursa/bursae
synovial tendon sheath
fasciae and fascial planes
superficial fascia
deep fascia
```
89
What is superficial fascia?
loose CT
90
What is a synovial bursa?
synovial fluid-filled bag often positioned between a tendon and a bony process; can be subcutaneous, subtendinous, or intertendinous
91
What is a synovial tendon sheath?
synovial fluid-filled sacs that surround muscle tendons
92
What are fascial planes?
deep fascia septa (walls) that separate muscles groups/layers; allow muscle groups to functions as units
93
What is deep fascia?
dense collagenous connective tissue from which some muscles may originate or insert; attaches to bone
94
Why is it important to know muscle action>
diagnose lameness, gait analysis
95
What is gait analysis?
investigation of lameness, with swing and stance phases
96
In what way can some muscle actions be contradictory?
Contradictory actions on a given joint are dependent on weight bearing vs non weight bearing.
97
How are the origin and insertion interchangeable for some muscles?
Interchangeable depending on weight bearing vs non weight bearing
