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M2 | Microbiolgy > General Parasitology > Flashcards

General Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of parasites

A
  1. Helminthes
  2. Protozoa
  3. Arthropods
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2
Q

The host that harbors the adult or sexual stages of the parasite

A

Definite host

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3
Q

other hosts than human that harbor the parasite and thus ensure continuity of the parasite’s life cycle and act as additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir hosts

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4
Q

The host that harbors the larval or asexual stages of parasite

A

Intermediate host

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5
Q

A host, in which larval stage of the parasite remains viable without further development

A

Paratenic host

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6
Q

What is a vector?

A

an arthropod that carries the infective stage of the parasite and can transmit it

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7
Q

State the types of parasite according to its living condition

A
  1. Obligate parasite
  2. Facultative parasite
  3. Endoparasites
  4. Ecto-parasites
  5. Opportunistic parasite
  6. Accidental parasite
  7. Incidental parasite
  8. Aberrant parasite
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8
Q

Which parasite occurs only in immunocompromised host?

A

Opportunistic parasite

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9
Q

What is Incidental parasite?

A

It can establish itself in a host in which it doesn’t normally live

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10
Q

What is Endoparasites & Ecto-parasites?

A

Endoparasites : live inside the body

Ecto-parasites : exit on the body surface

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11
Q

Define obligate & facultative parasite

A

Obligate parasite : live only in a host

Facultative parasite : both host & in a free form

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12
Q

Parasites, which infect a host where they cannot develop further

A

aberrant or wandering parasites

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13
Q

Describe the parasite life cycle

A
  1. Direct life cycle : only 1 host

2. Indirect life cycle: more than one host

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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission of parasites?

A
  1. Food & drink
  2. Soil , dust & water
  3. Direct contact
  4. Vector
  5. Auto infection
  6. Vertical transmission
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15
Q

How do parasite infect through direct contact ?

A
  1. Skin contact

2. Sexual contact

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16
Q

How do parasite infect through soil , dust or water ?

A
  1. Soil :
    * Ingestion of food or drink contaminated with soil contain the infective stage of the parasite
    * handling or walking barefooted, so the infective stage present in the soil can penetrate the skin
  2. Dust : Inhalation
  3. Water : streams for swimming, washing or irrigation, so the infective stage present in the water can penetrate the skin
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17
Q

How vertical transmission happen & in which diseases ?

A
  • Mother to fetus transmission

* may take place in malaria and toxoplasmosis

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18
Q

What are the types of vectors & give examples?

A
  1. Biological vectors: ( true vectors )
    * parasites undergo development or multiplication in their body
    * Eg. Mosquito in Malaria and Lymphatic filariasis
  2. Mechanical vectors :
    * assists in the transfer of parasites between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of the parasite
    * Eg. Housefly in Ameobiasis
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19
Q

Effect of parasite on the host

A
  1. Abstracting nourishment from the host
  2. Mechanical effect due to pressure or obstruction; feeding on the tissues or irritation of the tissues leads to
    inflammatory and neoplastic reactions
  3. Toxic effect from the toxins or the waste products
  4. Secondary infection
20
Q

What is the reaction of the host to the invading parasite?

A
  1. Generalized :
    * Fever
    * anemia
    * eosinophilia
    * weakness
  2. Localized : either
    * tissue affected
    * organ affected
21
Q

Which parasite can survive for many years?

A

Intra luminal

22
Q

Explain the mechanism of some anti-helminthic drugs that help expose parasites to the immune system

A
  • Cause contracted muscle paralysis ——> increasing calcium influx into the sarcoplasm of the parasite
23
Q

What happens to the dying parasites?

A

dislodged from their site in the host to be destroyed by host immune reaction

24
Q

General characteristics of Protozoa

A
  1. Unicellular organisms that are capable of performing whole life functions
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Complex life cycle involving various stages
  4. sexual and asexual reproduction
  5. Motility ( divides them into taxonomic groups) : amoeboid movement , flagella, cilia, gliding
25
Q

Asexual reproduction of Protozoa

A
  1. Binary fission : longitudinal/ transverse
  2. Schizogony : Nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides
  3. Endodyogeny: Internal budding, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.
26
Q

Sexual reproduction of Protozoa

A
  1. Gametogony:
    process often involves production and fusion of gametes.
  2. Conjugation and exchange of genetic material between different mating types in Ciliophora (Balantidium coli)
27
Q

How do Protozoa receive nourishment?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. pseudopodia : Larger food particles are taken in by phagocytosis
  4. special mouth-like structures or cytostomes ( some species)
28
Q

What is trophozoite?

A

The active feeding and growing stage of the protozoa

29
Q

cyst is usually the …………. stage

A

Infective stage

30
Q

Several species possess a resting or resistant cystic stage which enables………..

A

prolonged survival under unfavorable conditions

31
Q

The 3 main classes of helminths

A
  1. Phylum Nemathelminths —-> Nematodes
  2. Phylum Platehelminths ——> Cestodes
  3. Phylum Platehelminths ——-> Trematodes
32
Q

General characters of Nematodes

A
  • Cylindrical, round in cut section (Round worms).
  • Elongated , bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented.
  • Separate sex.
  • Males usually shorter than females and it has a curved posterior end.
33
Q

Digestive system of round worms

A

Mouth opens at the anterior end and may be surrounded with

lips, papillae, in form of buccal cavity or provided with teeth

34
Q

Genital system of nematodes

A

There accessory copulatory organs as bursa, gubernaculum, cement glands and spicules

35
Q

Give a Large intestinal Nematodes

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis

2. Trichuiris trichuira

36
Q

Give a Small intestinal Nematodes

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides.
  • Hook worms (Ancylostoma & Necator).
  • Strongyloides stercolaris.
  • Trichinella spiralis
37
Q

General characters of Cestodes

A

Body is segmented and is formed of:

  1. Scolex:
    with organs of fixation either in form of bothria, suckers and hooks
  2. Neck:
    part of the warm that will give rise to segments
  3. Strobila: it is formed of segments
    * Cestodes are hermaphrodites
38
Q

Types of strobila segments

A
  1. Immature segments:
    sexual organs are not will developed.
  2. Mature segments:
    with fully developed both male and female sexual organs.
  3. Gravid segments:
    the egg engorged uterus covers the other structures.
39
Q

State the Intestinal cestodes (definitive host)

A
  1. Diphyllobothrium latum
  2. Taenia saginata
  3. Taenia solium
  4. Hymenolepis nana
  5. Dipylidium caninum
40
Q

State the Tissue cestodes. (intermediate host)

A
  1. Cysticercus cellulosa of Taenia solium
  2. Sparganum larva of Diphyllobothrium mansoni
  3. Hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosa
41
Q

General characters of Trematodes

A
  • Flattened dorsoventrally
    1. Bilaterally symmetrical
    2. Un segmented
    3. Has no body cavity
    4. Organs of fixation in form of suckers
  • Oral sucker: surrounding the mouth
  • Ventral sucker: on the ventral surface posterior to the oral sucker
  • Genital sucker: some times present
  1. Trematodes are hermaphrodites except the blood flukes (unisexual)
42
Q

The final host for Trematodes is?

A

Human or reservoir animal

* harbors the sexual stage of the parasite

43
Q

The intermediate host for trematodes is ?

A

Snail

* asexual stages of the parasite

44
Q

Schistosoma mansoni is an example of ?

A

Blood flukes

45
Q

Example/s for Hepatic flukes

A

Fasciola hepatica

46
Q

Example/s for Intestinal flukes

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

47
Q

Examples for Blood flukes

A
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma jabonicum

M2 | Microbiolgy (17 decks)

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