General Pathology

Question 1

What does the acronym A.C.I.D. stand for?

Answer 1

A - Allergies (type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE, mast cells)
C - Cytotoxic (type 2 hypersensitivity - IgG & IgM, opsonization)
I - Immune Complex (type 3 hypersensitivity - antigen + antibodies)
D - Delayed (type 4 - T cell mediated, antibody independent)

Question 2

Which hypersensitivity results in fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 2

Type 3 (due to tissue inflammation)

Question 3

Poison ivy is an example of what hypersensitivity?

Answer 3

Type 4

Question 4

A female patient presenting with Libman-Sacks Endocarditis and a fever of unknown origin most likely has what condition?

Answer 4

Lupus

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis - verrucous vegetations on mitral valve

Question 5

What is the name of the rash that frequently occurs with SLE?

Answer 5

Malar rash

Question 6

A middle-aged female presenting with Raynaud phenomenon and dysphagia most likely has what condition?

Answer 6

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)

Question 7

A patient with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca most likely has what condition?

Answer 7

Sjogren Syndrome

Exocrine gland destruction and enlargement

Question 8

What is CREST syndrome?

Answer 8

Symptoms consistent with Systemic Sclerosis

C - Calcinosis
R - Raynaud's Phenomenon
E - Esophageal dysmotility (fibrosis of lower 2/3)
S - Sclerodactyly (hard/eroded skin)
T - Telangiectasia (spider veins)

Question 9

A couple brings their 6 month old son in with recurring sinus infections and ear aches. They have a 2 year old daughter who is healthy and energetic. You talk to the mother and discover she is no longer breastfeeding (a strong source of antibodies). What condition do you suspect?

Answer 9

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton Disease)

Failed B cell maturation - no antibody production

Good prognosis with IgG infusions

Question 10

What cell types does AIDS destroy?

Answer 10

CD4 & T cells

Macrophages

Question 11

Pneumocystic jirovecii and Kaposi Sarcoma are common in what patient group?

Answer 11

AIDS patients

P. Jirovecii = fungal lung disease

Question 12

What condition(s) is associated with an apple-green birefringence?

Answer 12

Amyloidosis

Question 13

Which disease is associated with beta-amyloid plaque?

Answer 13

Alzheimers

Question 14

Which disease is associated with amyloid light protein and B cell proliferation?

Answer 14

Multiple Myeloma (Bence-Jones protein)

Question 15

What are the 3 nuclear stages of necrosis?

Answer 15

1. Karyolysis - fading/dissolution
2. Pyknosis - shrinking
3. Karyorrhexis - fragmentation

Question 16

What is the term for coagulative necrosis in an extremity?

Answer 16

Gangrene (seen commonly in peripheral vascular diseases aka diabetes)

Question 17

Which necrosis presents as chalky-white and can occur with breast trauma or acute pancreatitis?

Answer 17

Fat Necrosis/ Enzymatic Necrosis

Question 18

Aortic stenosis and Myositis Ossificans are examples of what type of pathologic calcification?

Answer 18

Dystrophic (calcification of damaged tissue)

Question 19

What do we call the calcification of normal tissue?

Answer 19

Metastatic calcification

Question 20

What is the life span of a WBC?

Answer 20

4 days inside blood & lymph

Question 21

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

Answer 21

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

1. Neutrophils*
2. Lymphocytes (T, B, NK)
3. Monocytes/Macrophage
4. Eosinophils (allergy)*
5. Basophils (parasites)*

*Granulocyte

Question 22

Which WBC are most numerous in acute vs chronic inflammation?

Answer 22

Acute - Neutrophils (day 1)

Chronic - Monocyte/Macrophages (day 2-3)

Question 23

What are the 4 steps of leukoctye recruitment?

Answer 23

1. Rolling/Margination (selectins)
2. Firm Adhesion/pavementing (integrins)
3. Transmigration
4. Chemotaxis

Question 24

What condition is associated with caseating granulomas?

Answer 24

TB

Question 25

What is a keloid?

Answer 25

Scar tissue that develops beyond wound boundary
Exuberant granulation tissue - excessive collagen deposition

MC African decent