General, pharmacokinetics

Question 1

• The most important properties of an ideal drug are 1. ______ 2.______3.______.

Answer 1

effectiveness, safety, and selectivity.

Question 2

• If a drug is not ______, it should not be used.

Answer 2

effective

Question 3

• There is no such thing as a ____ drug: All drugs can cause _____

Answer 3

safe, harm

Question 4

• There is no such thing as a _____drug: All drugs can cause ___ _____.

Answer 4

selective, side effects

Question 5

• The objective of drug therapy is to provide _____ with ______.

Answer 5

maximum benefit , minimum harm.

Question 6

• Because all patients are unique, drug therapy must be _____ to each individual.

Answer 6

tailored

Question 7

• Drugs have three types of names: a _____name, a _____or _____ name, and a _____or_____name.

Answer 7

chemical
generic or nonproprietary
trade or proprietary

Question 8

• Each drug has only _____ generic name but can have many _____names.

Answer 8

one

trade

Question 9

• Generic names facilitate _____ and therefore are good.

Answer 9

communication

Question 10

Trade names _____ communication and should be outlawed.

Answer 10

confuse

Question 11

•________ drugs are defined as drugs that can be purchased without a prescription.

Answer 11

Over-the-counter (OTC)

Question 12

• Because the job of the drug representative is _____ and not _____, this person may not be your best source of drug information—especially if you are trying to establish an _____ _____ between the representative’s product and a drug from a competing manufacturer.

Answer 12

sales
education
information
unbiased comparison

Question 13

• Pharmacokinetics consist of four basic processes: _______, _____, _____ and _____

Answer 13

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion

Question 14

• Pharmacokinetic processes determine the_____ of a drug at its _____ of _____, and thereby determine the _____ and _____ _____ of responses.

Answer 14

concentration
sites of action
intensity
time course

Question 15

• Pharmacokinetics consist of four basic processes: _____,_____,_____ and _____.

Answer 15

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Question 16

• To move around the body, drugs must cross membranes, either by _____,_____ and _____.

Answer 16

(1) passing through pores, (2) undergoing transport, or (3) penetrating the membrane directly.

Question 17

• ______—found in the liver, kidney, placenta, intestine, and brain capillaries—can transport a variety of drugs out of _____.

Answer 17

P-glycoprotein

cells

Question 18

• To cross membranes, most drugs must dissolve directly into the _____ of the membrane.

Answer 18

lipid bilayer

Question 19

Accordingly, _____ drugs can cross membranes easily, whereas drugs that are _____or _____ cannot.

Answer 19

lipid-soluble

polar or ionized

Question 20

• Acidic drugs ionize in _____, whereas basic drugs ionize in _____ _____.

Answer 20

basic (alkaline) media

acidic media

Question 21

• Absorption is defined as

Answer 21

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.

Question 22

• Absorption is enhanced by

Answer 22

rapid drug dissolution, high lipid solubility of the drug, a large surface area for absorption, and high blood flow at the site of administration.

Question 23

: rapid onset, precise control over the amount of drug entering the blood, suitability for use with large volumes of fluid, and suitability for irritant drugs.

Answer 23

• Intravenous administration has several advantages

Question 24

• Intravenous administration has several disadvantages:

Answer 24

high cost; difficulty; inconvenience; danger because of irreversibility; and the potential for fluid overload, infection, and embolism.

Question 25

• Intramuscular administration has two advantages:

Answer 25

suitability for insoluble drugs and suitability for depot preparations.

Question 26

• Intramuscular administration has two disadvantages:

Answer 26

: inconvenience and the potential for discomfort

Question 27

• Subcutaneous administration has the same advantages and disadvantages as ________

Answer 27

IM administration.

Question 28

• Oral administration has the advantages of _____,_____ and _____.

Answer 28

ease, convenience, economy, and safety.

Question 29

• **The principal disadvantages of oral administration are high _______________________________ (because oral drugs must pass through the liver before reaching the general circulation).

Answer 29

variability and possible inactivation by stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and liver enzymes

Question 30

• **Enteric-coated oral formulations are designed to release their contents in the ____________.

Answer 30

small intestine—not in the stomach.

Question 31

•**Sustained-release oral formulations are designed to release their contents_____, thereby permitting a _____ _____ between doses.

Answer 31

slowly | longer interval

Question 32

** Distribution is defined as _______.

Answer 32

the movement of drugs throughout the body.

Question 33

•** In most tissues, drugs can easily leave the _____ through spaces between the _____ that compose the _____.

Answer 33

vasculature cells capillary wall.

Question 34

Refers to the presence of tight junctions between the cells that compose capillary walls in the central nervous system - CNS

Answer 34

Blood brain barrier

Question 35

Because of this barrier, drugs must pass through the cells of the capillary wall rather than between them in order to reach the CNS.

Answer 35

Blood brain barrier

Question 36

Does not constitute an absolute barrier to the passage of drugs

Answer 36

The membranes of the placenta

Question 37

The same factors that determine drug movements across all other membranes determine the movement of drugs across the

Answer 37

Placenta

Question 38

Many drugs that bind reversible to plasma _____. While bound to this substance, drug molecules cannot _____the vascular system.

Answer 38

Albumin leave

Question 39

Defined as the enzymatic alteration of drug structure

Answer 39

Drug metabolism or Bio transformation

Question 40

Most drug metabolism takes place in the_____. It is catalyzed by the but the APRN and_____ _____ system of the enzymes.

Answer 40

Liver cytochrome P 450

Question 41

Promotion of renal drug excretion by converting lipid soluble drugs into more polar forms

Answer 41

The most important consequence of drug metabolism

Question 42

Other consequences of drug metabolism are: Conversion of drugs to_____ _____ forms. Conversion of drugs to more_____forms. Conversion of pro drugs to their_____forms. Conversion of drugs two more_____or less_____

Answer 42

``` Less active or inactive Active Active Toxic Toxic ```

Question 43

Some drugs can induce or stimulate synthesis of hepatic _____ _____ _____. They can accelerate their own_____and the_____of other drugs.

Answer 43

Drug metabolizing enzymes Metabolism Metabolism

Question 44

The rapid inactivation of some oral drugs as a pass through the liver after being absorbed

Answer 44

First-pass effect

Question 45

Most drugs are excreted by the

Answer 45

Kidneys

Question 46

glomerular filtration Passive tubular reabsorption Active tubular secretion

Answer 46

The three steps to renal drug excretion

Question 47

_________________________________________Undergo extensive passive reabsorption back into the blood and therefore cannot be excreted by the kidneys until they are converted two more polar forms by the__________.

Answer 47

Drugs that are highly lipid soluble | Liver

Question 48

Drugs can be excreted into_____ _____, thereby posing a threat to the nursing infant

Answer 48

Breast milk

Question 49

Define ...... The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur.

Answer 49

The minimum effective concentration MEC.

Question 50

The therapeutic range of a drug lies between the____and the____ _____.

Answer 50

MEC | Toxic concentration

Question 51

Drugs with A _____therapeutic range are relatively easy to use safely.

Answer 51

Wide

Question 52

Drugs with a____therapeutic range are difficult to use safely.

Answer 52

Narrow

Question 53

Defined as the time required for the amount of drug in the body to declined by 50%

Answer 53

The half life of a drug

Question 54

Drugs that have a short_____must be administered more frequently than drugs that have a_____half life

Answer 54

Half life | Long

Question 55

When drugs are administered repeatedly their levels will gradually_____and then reach a steady Plauteau

Answer 55

Rise

Question 56

The time required to reach Plauteau is equivalent to about_____half lives.

Answer 56

Four

Question 57

If plasma drive levels fluctuate too much between doses, the fluctuating ends could be reduced by

Answer 57

Getting smaller doses and shorter intervals while keeping the total daily dose the same Using a continuous infusion Using a depot preparation

Question 58

It may be necessary to use a loading those to achieve Plauteau quickly if you have a

Answer 58

Drug with a long half life

Question 59

When drug administration is discontinued, most or 94% of the drug in the body will be eliminated over

Answer 59

Four half lives