General Pharmacology

Question 1

Indications

Answer 1

Reason for using drugs

Question 2

Contraindications

Answer 2

Reason for not using drugs

Question 3

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 3

the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions

Question 4

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

What happens to drugs once they enter the body.
A complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is given.

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

How drugs exert their effects

Question 6

Toxicity

Answer 6

How adverse drug reactions manifest themselves

Question 7

VCPR

Answer 7

Veterinarian-client-patient relationship

Question 8

Alkaloids

Answer 8

Usually end in -ine
Atropine
Caffeine
Nicotine

Question 9

Glycosides

Answer 9

Usually end in -in
Digoxin
Digitoxin

Question 10

Regimen

Answer 10

Plan for administering drugs
Route
Dose
Frequency
Duration

Question 11

Valid VCPR

Answer 11

Vet assumes responsibility for clinical judgements and client agrees to follow instructions.

Vet has sufficient knowledge of animal to give diagnosis. Must have seen animal recently.

Must be available for follow up.

Question 12

Distribution equilibrium

Answer 12

Aka steady state
The point at which drug accumulation equals drug elimination.

Question 13

5 primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug.

Answer 13

Rate of drug absorption
Amount of drug absorbed
Distribution of drug throughout body
Drug metabolism and bio transformation
Rate and route of excretion

Question 14

5 factors that influence route of drug administration

Answer 14

Available pharmaceutic form of drug
Physical or chemical properties of the drug
How quickly onset of action should occur
Use of restraint or behavior of the patient
Nature of condition being treated

Question 15

Depot preparation

Answer 15

Injectable drug placed in a substance that delays absorption

Question 16

Bioavailability

Answer 16

Degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation

Question 17

8 factors that may affect the absorption process

Answer 17

Mechanism of absorption
PH and ionization status of drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply to area
Solubility of drug
Dosage form
Status of GI tract
Interaction with other medications

Question 18

Best described drug transporter

Answer 18

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) produced by MDR1 gene

Question 19

Usual mechanism for absorption of electrolytes

Answer 19

Active transport

Question 20

Partition coefficient

Answer 20

Degree of lipid solubility
High partition coefficient indicates enhanced drug absorption.

Question 21

First pass effect

Answer 21

Substances are absorbed from GI tract into portal venous system. In liver before general circulation. If metabolized in the liver it can become inactivated/less active.

Question 22

Metabolism aka

Answer 22

Biotransformation
Body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form that was administered to the form that can be eliminated from the body

Question 23

Metabolite

Answer 23

A drug thats been biotransformed

Question 24

4 chemical reactions induced by microsomal liver enzymes

Answer 24

Phase I
Oxidation - loss of electrons
Reduction - gain of electrons
Hydrolysis - splitting of drug molecule, addition of water to each split part
Phase II
Conjugation - addition of glucuronic acid/similar compounds to drug molecule. Becomes much more water soluble.

Question 25

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 25

Study of mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body.

Question 26

Affinity

Answer 26

Tendency of drug to combine with receptor

Question 27

Agonist

Answer 27

Drug with high level of affinity and efficacy causes a specific action

Question 28

Partial agonist

Answer 28

Less affinity and efficacy

Question 29

Antagonist

Answer 29

Drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor

Question 30

Potency

Answer 30

Amount of a drug needed to produce desired response.

Question 31

Efficacy

Answer 31

Degree to which drug produces desired response in patient

Question 32

Therapeutic index

Answer 32

Relationship between drug’s desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects. LD50 / ED50. Larger number = greater level of safety

Question 33

3 types of drug interactions

Answer 33

Pharmacokinetic- plasma/tissue drug levels are altered by the presence of another Pharmacodynamic- action/effect of one drug is altered by another, occurs at the site of drug action Pharmaceutic - physical/chemical reaction to drugs being mixed

Question 34

Object drug VS precipitant drug

Answer 34

The one being acted on VS the one that influences the other

Question 35

6 types of drug names

Answer 35

Chemical - describes molecular structure of drug Code/laboratory - given by R&D. Abbreviations, codes and numbers Compendial - listed in the US Pharmacopoeia Official - usually compendial or generic Proprietary/trade - short, easily recalled, trademarked by manufacturer Generic - common name chosen by company, sometimes same as official or compendial name