General Phys Review Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Fluid inside the cells of the body
A
ICF
2
Q
What is the ICF maintained by
A
The cell membrane
3
Q
Fluid outside the cells
A
ECF
4
Q
_____ is split into two compartments by the capillary wall
A
ECF
5
Q
Fluid around the cells
A
Interstitial fluid
6
Q
Fluid portion of blood
A
Plasma
7
Q
How is the composition of ICF different
A
Increased K, protein, magnesium, phosphate
8
Q
What kind of transport has no energy and uses a gradient
A
Passive
9
Q
What are the different types of passive transport
A
Diffusion
Facilitated difusion
Osmosis
10
Q
What kind of passive transport uses aquaporins, but doesn’t have to
A
Osmosis
11
Q
What kind of transport goes against gradient and requires an enzyme and energy
A
Active transport
12
Q
What is an ion channel specific to
A
Ionic size and charge
13
Q
Size exclusion of ion channels
A
A sodium channel can exclude a calcium/potassium ions due to different molecule size
14
Q
Charge exclusion of ion channels
A
Interior of channel will be lined with charged amino acids, will prevent like ions from crossing
15
Q
Ion channels: leaky channels
A
Always open, some K+ channels and CL- channels
16
Q
Ion channels: gated channels
A
Closed until stimulus opens
17
Q
What kind of channels are ligand, second messenger, voltage, mechanical, light
A
Gated ion channels
18
Q
What is the most common leak channel
A
K+
19
Q
What direction does Na move if the channel is open
A
In
20
Q
What direction does K move is channel is open
A
Out
21
Q
What kind of channel remains closed until proper ligand binds?
A
Ligand gated
22
Q
This typed of channel is fast to elicit cellular response
A
Ligand gated channel
23
Q
Remains open as long as 2nd messenger is around, closes when removed
A
2nd messenger gated
24
Q
This type of channel is slower to cause a response, but more diverse effect
A
Second messenger gated
25
How voltage gated channels work
- remain closed until membrane potential reaches specific value
- remains open depending on the membrane potential and channel properties
26
Charge difference across cell membranes due to concentration gradients of ions
Resting membrane potential
27
Inside of cell is considered ______ compared to outside
Negative
28
What is the RMP of cell
From -20 to -100mV
29
What kind of tissue can rapidly change the RMP to send signals and start contraction
Excitable tissu such as muscle and nerve
30
What changes RMP the most
K+
31
Charge of ECF
+
32
Charge of ICF
Negative
33
What is a major contributor to the RMP?
K+ current through leak channels
34
What is RMP maintinaed by
K+ leak channels
35
What is necessary for RMP
Na-K ATPase. Three Na+ out for two in makes inside more negative
-also maintains a large K+ gradient so small flux can occur and generate the RMP
36
Action potential run through
- rest: negative RMP, K+ flux through leak channels
- local depolarization: stimulation occurs-ligand gated Na channels
- threshold: Nav channels open
- overshoot: Na+ flux
- repolarization: Na+ slows, K+ rises
- hyperpolarization: Na+ slows, K+ rises
- at rest: RMP is re-attained due to K+ leak
37
Site of communication from one cell to another
Synapses
38
Electrical synapses
Gap junctions
39
What are the most common type of synapses
Chemical synapse
40
Direct connections between cells which allows ions to flow between
Electrical synapses
41
Creates a syncytium ( bunch of cells acting like one cell)
Electrical synapses
42
What areas have electrical synapses
Heart, smooth muscle, bladder, where coordinated contraction is required
43
Excitatory post synaptic potentials
Depolarize cell
- usually the result of opening Na+ or Ca+ channels or closing K+ channels
- glutamate
44
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
Hyperpolarize cell
- usually the result of opening Cl- or K+ channels or closing a Na+/Ca+ channel
- GABA and glycine (and sometimes glutamate)
45
What is the NT effect based on
Receptor
46
What are the two types of receptors
Ionotropic and metabotropic
47
This receptor binds channel and opens, faster and fewer response
Ionotropic
48
Receptor is an ion channel
Ionotropic receptors
49
Opening and closing depend on binding of ligand
Ionotropic receptors
50
Examples of ionotropic receptors in the eye
Retinal glutamate receptors are a Na+/Ca2+ channel
51
Receptors are coupled to an intracellular protein
Metabotropic receptors
52
How do metabotropic receptors work
Ligand binding activated intracellular protein to alter intracellular 2nd messenger levels
-retinal glutamate receptors are a Gi coupled receptor
53
What are the 3 main types of metabotropic receptors
Gs
Gi
Gq
54
Stimulates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP levels
Gs
55
Inhibits adenylate cyclase, reduces cAMP levels
Gi
56
Stimulates phospholipase C, gerenates IP3, increases Ca2+ levels
Gq
57
What is the special type of metabotropic receptor
Gt: in the eye, acts like Gi, but affects cGMP
58
What part of ANS generally speeds things up
Sympathetic
59
What part of the ANS generally slows
Parasympathetic
60
What does the sympathetic nervous system actually decrease
Gut motility
61
What does the parasympathetic nervous system actually increase
Gut motility
62
What NT and receptor is present in all autonomic preganglionic synapses
Acetyl choline and nocotinic
63
What NT and receptor is in all parasympathetic post ganglionic synapses
Acetyl choline and muscarinic
64
What is the main NT and receptor in sympathetic postganglionic synapses
NE and alpha 1
65
What is the main receptor and NT in the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous systme
Epinephrine and B receptors
66
What is the NT and receptor in they postganglionic somatic (muscles) nervous system
Acetyl choline and nicotinic
67
Alpha sympathetic receptors in the eye
A1-pupil dilation
| A2-reduce aqueous humor formation by reducing B2 release
68
Beta receptors (symp) of the eye
Beta 2-ciliary relaxation for distance, increases aqueous humor production
69
Parasympathetic receptors in the eye
- pupil constriction
- ciliary contraction for near
- increase aqueous drainage/ reduce production
- lacrimal secretion
70
What are gap junctions made of
6 connexins
71
What are gap junctions used for
Electrical/communication connection, litttle structural support
-just a communication bridge for smooth muscles to create a syncytium
72
What kind of cellular junctions are structural spot welds
Anchoring junctions
73
Cell-to-cell anchoring junctions
Desmosomes
74
Cell-to-ECM anchoring junctions
Hemidesmosomes
75
These types of cellular junctions make sheets of cells
Tight junctions
76
What is the tightest cellular junction
Tight junctions
77
Permeability of tigh junctions
Depends on how tight the cells are held together
78
What are common areas of tight junctions
Brain eye testes
79
What are two common types of tight junctions
Zonula occludens
| Zonula adherens
80
In this type of tight junction, the cell membranes touch each other and it is very restrictive. Most movement is transcellular, requiring a protein transporter or ion channels
Zonula occludens
81
What is a common zonula occludens
Blood brain barrier
82
This type of tight junction has has a space between the cell membranes. Filtration can occur even though it is still relatively restrictive
Zonula adherens
83
Where are zonula adherens found
Kidney, blood vessels
84
What kind of ultrafiltration forces favor filtration
Cap pressure, interstitial osmotic pressure
85
What ultrafiltration forces favor reabsoprtion
Plasma osmotic pressure nad interstitial fluid pressure
86
Filtration
Kf*net filtration pressure
- Kf-filtration coefficient, similar to diffusion coefficient
- how permeable the caps are
87
Composition of ICF
K-, phosphate
88
Composition of ECF
Na+, chloride
89
Plasma composition
Proteins
90
Passive transport
Diffusion, high to low
91
Active transport
Low to high, can move 2 thing, use ATP and enzymes.
92
Example of primary active transporter
Na/K transporter
93
Secondary active transporter
Glucose transporter
94
You order a blood test, when you receive the lab report, there is a note that the blood was listed when it was drawn. Which of the following readings could be erroneously elevated
Potassium
95
Which of the following would require energy
Movement of potassium into the cell
96
Which of the following would cause the membrane potential to become more negative
Closure of sodium leak channels
97
Which of the following is the most restrictive cellular junction
Tight junction
98
During aqueous humor production sodium is actively pumped into the anterior chamber. Which of the following will occur due to this
Water follows through aquaporins
99
Administration of a _______ will increase aqueous humor production
Beta 2 agonist
