General Physiology Week 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
The ability to maintain a relative consistency in the chemical and physical environment surronding the cells of our body, in the face of a variable external environment
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
provides a communication network to tissues and organs
A
Neuroendocrine system
3
Q
what is the normal lab value for a arterial blood pH?
A
7.4
4
Q
What is the normal lab value for mean arterial blood pressure?
A
90 mmHg
5
Q
What is the normal lab value for the glomerular filtration rate?
A
120 mL/min
6
Q
What are the three neural and hormonal mechanisms?
A
negative feedback
positive feedback (action potential)
feed forward (digestive)
7
Q
What are the components of a negative feedback control system?
A
8
Q
Explain the two negative feedback systems
A
9
Q
Explain the positive feed back mechanism
A
10
Q
Explain the feed forward mechanism
A
11
Q
Fluid can move freely form the interstitial to plasma compartments and helps to maintain blood volume during?
A
hemorrhage
12
Q
What can move freely form the interstitial to plasma compartments and helps to maintain blood volume during hemorrhage?
A
fluids
13
Q
A hemorrhaging patient must lose about __ L of __ before the ___ is decreased by _ L
A
5 L of ECF
Plasma volume 1 L
14
Q
To replace ___L of ____ approximately ___ L of intravascular isotonic saline must be infused
A
1 L Plasma Volume
5 L
15
Q
What is included in the interstital fluid of the body?
A
lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humor (eyes), pleural, peritoneal, and percardial fluids
16
Q
What is the breakdown of the fluid compartments of the body?
A
17
Q
What is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
A
18
Q
What are the different types of membrane proteins and their functions?
A
19
Q
Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
A
tight junctions
20
Q
“Rivets” that anchor cells together
A
Desmosomes
21
Q
transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
A
Gap Junctions
22
Q
channel between cells that allows the spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells
A
Connexon
23
Q
What is Microvilli?
A
24
Q
What is flagella?
A
25
What are pseudopods?
26
What are nonmotile cilium?
27
What are motile cilia and where can they be found?
28
What floats on top of saline layer and traps mucous and dust?
Mucus
29
defects in structure and function of cilia
ciliopathies
30
hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to installl pumps in plasma membrane which interupts saline production and leads to thick mucous secretions
cystic fibrosis
31
What are components of cystic fibrosis
- chloride pump fail to create adequate saline layer on cell surface. thick mucus plug pancreatic ducts ad respiratory tract
- adequate digestion of nutrients and absorption of o2, chronic respiratory infections. life expectancy of 30.
32
What are the two types of membrane transport systems?
33
What is simple diffusion?
34
most water moves across membranes via a transmembrane protein
aquaporin
35
Explain the solute transport across a plasma membrane
In simple diffusion, the rate of solute entry increases linearly with extracellular concentration of the solute. Assuming no change in intracellular concentration, increasing the extracellular concentration increases the gradient that drives solute entry. In facilitated diffusion, the rate of transport is much faster, and increases linearly as the extracellular solute concentration increases. The increase in transport is limited by the availability of channels and carriers. Once all are occupied by solute, further increases in extracellular concentration have no effect on the rate of transport. A maximum rate of transport (Vmax) is achieved that cannot be exceeded
36
What are the three channels for facilitated diffusion?
37
transport that moves a range of ions and organic solutes passively across membranes
carrier-meditated transport
2.8 The role of a carrier protein in facilitated diffusion of solute molecules across a plasma membrane. In this example, solute transport into the cell is driven by the high solute concentration outside compared with inside. (A) Binding of extracellular solute to the membrane-spanning integral protein triggers a change in conformation that exposes the bound solute to the interior of the cell. (B) Bound solute readily dissociates from the carrier because of the low intracellular concentration of solute. The release of solute allows the carrier to revert to its original conformation (A) to begin the cycle again.
38
What are the different types of active transport proteins?
39
Explain the sodium potassium pump
40
The sodium potassium pump helps to create a ____
resting membrane potential
41
Explain the secondary active transport
glucose moves through the protein from any area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by indirectly using ATP from the sodium. The pump takes sodium and glucose into the protein than changes shape depositing both sodium and glucose into the cell
42
What are the properties and differences between the three carriers?
properties: specificity and saturation
differ in: the direction they move solutes
the number of solutes they can move
43
What are the three kinds of carriers?and examples
44
carries one type of solute
uniport
45
carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)
symport
46
carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)
antiport
47
Explain transcellular transport
In a polarized cell, the entry and exit of solutes such as glucose, amino acids, and Na+ occur at opposite sides of the cell. Active entry of glucose and amino acids is restricted to the apical membrane, and exit requires equilibrating carriers located only in the basolateral membrane. For example, glucose enters on sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) and exits on glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2). Na+ that enters via the apical symporters is pumped out by the Na+/K+-ATPase on the basolateral membrane. The result is a net movement of solutes from the luminal side of the cell to the basolateral side, ensuring efficient absorption of glucose, amino acids, and Na+ from the intestinal lumen.
48
Explain vesicular transport
Phagocytosis is the ingestion of large particles or microorganisms, usually occurring only in specialized cells such as macrophages (Fig. 2.4). An important function of macrophages is to remove invading bacteria from the body.
Foreign substances, such as diphtheria toxin and certain viruses, also enter cells by this pathway
There are two exocytic pathways—constitutive and regulated. The continuous secretion of mucus by goblet cells in the small intestine is an example of the constitutive pathway of exocytosis that is present in all cells. In other cells, macromolecules are stored inside the cell in secretory vesicles. These vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents only when a specific extracellular stimulus arrives at the cell membrane. This process, termed the regulated pathway, is responsible for the rapid “on-demand” secretion of many specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes.
49
Explain the solute transport mechansim
50
particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure (forcing into the cell)
filtration
51
between cells
paracellular
52
through cells
transcellular
53
vesicular transport
transcytosis
54
Water movement across plasma membrane driven by differences in ____
osmotic pressure
55
Water follows the __ and travels through ___
solutes
aquaporins
56
total solute concentration of a solution per 1 L solvent
osmolarity
57
blood plasma, tissue fluid, and intracellular fluis are ___ milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)
300
58
pressure necessary to stop the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane that separates the solution from pure water
osmotic pressure
59
a difference between the measured and estimated osmolarity
osmolar gap
60
What causes osmolar gap? and what is an example?
-caused by the presence of additional solutes in plasma
-patients with alcohol intoxications or ethylene glycol poisoning will have an increased osmolar gap
61
ability of solution surrounding cell (ECF) to affect fluid volume and pressure in cell
tonicity
62
Tonicity depends and determines what?
depends on concentration of nonpermeating solutes
determines cell volume
63
What is an isotonic solution?
64
What is a hypotonic soluion?
65
What is a hypertonic solution?
66
Explain the concept of steady state
67
membrane potential at which the electrical driving force is equal and opposite to the chemical driving force
equilibrium potential (Ex)
68
Explain the different electrochemical driving forces
69
What are the different types of communications?
70
What are the different types of cell surface receptors?
71
What are the different classes of second messengers?
72
What are the examples of cellular signal amplifications?
73
Explain the production of cAMP?
74
What are the divisions of CNS and PNS?
75
What restricts access from the capillary into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
76
What are the different types of glial cell types in the CNS?
77
Explain the axonal transport?
78
Lable the neuronal structure
79
action potential generation zone and contain voltage gated channels
axon hillock
80
recieves incoming signals
dendrites
81
impulse conduction (action potentials)
axon
82
secreton of neurotransmitter
nerve termini
83
What gates are located in the neuron structures?
axon hillock- voltage gated
dendrites- ligand -gated and/or GPCR gated ion channels
axon- voltage gated and Na/K channels
nerve termini- voltage-gated Na, K and Ca channels
84
Ligand-gated channels are ___
ionotropic
85
G protein-coupled receptors are ___
metabotropic
86
Exaplain the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
87
What are the different phases of the action potential?
88
Explain the unidirectional propagation of action potentials?
89
What influences conduction velocity?
myelination and fiber diameter
moves faster the more myelinated and larger it is
90
myelination allows for ___
saltatory
91
What is particularly sensitive to local anesthetics, which block sodium channels?
unmyelinated fibers
92
What is more sensitive to compression, which can the cause loss of sensitivity to stimuli carried by those fibers?
larger fibers
93
What are the steps on synaptic transmission?
94
Explain the reuptake and recycling of glutamate through glial cells
95
Neurotransmitter actions can be terminated by?
diffusion, degradation, or cellular uptake
96
Explain how the receptor activation can produce inhibitory and excitatory effects?
97
CNS neurotransmitters interact with?
ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
98
What are the classical neurotransmitters?
histamine
purines
99
What are the non-classical neurotransmitters?
eicosanoids
cannabiniods
100
What are the neuropeptides?
opioids (endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin)
101
autonomic receptors that bind to adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenergic receptors
102
What nervous system is responsible for adrenergic receptors?
Sympathetic nervous system
103
What are the responsible neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptors?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
104
What are the types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta receptors
105
autonomic receptors that bind to acetylcholine
cholinergic receptors
106
What nervous system is responsible for cholenrgic receptors?
parasympahetic nervous system
107
What are the responsible neurotransmitters in cholinergic receptors?
acetylcholine
108
What are the responsible neurotransmitters in cholinergic receptors?
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
109
What is a predominant second messenger in all cells?
cAMP
110
cGMP AND NO are important second messengesr in?
smooth muscle and sensory cells
