General Review Flashcards
0
Q
Hydra and Jellyfish
A
Cnidarians
Radial symm
Body plan: polyp (sessile) and medusa (motile)
Life cycle: planula larva>asexually reproducing polyp>sexually reproducing medusa
Two cell layers
Gastrovacular cavity/lysosomes
No transport system
Stinging cells -cnidocytes
1
Q
Sponges
A
Porifera
No symmetry Sessile Two cell layers No tissues/organs Reproduce by fragmentation and are hermaphrodites
2
Q
Flatworms (including Tapeworms)
A
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral symm
Three cell layers
Food can’t be processed continuously
No digestive or respiratory systems - survive thru diffusion
3
Q
Roundworms
A
Nematodes
Bilateral symm
Parasitic
C. Elegans is used as a model for genes and embryonic development
4
Q
Segmented worms
A
Annelids
Bilateral symm
Digestive tract: crop, gizzard, and intestine
Nephridia excretion of nitrogen waste
Closed circulatory system
Blood has hemoglobin
Diffusion of oxygen and co2 thru moist skin
Hermaphrodites
5
Q
Squids, octopus, slugs, clams, snails
A
Mollusks
Soft body Open circulatory system Bilateral symm, body zones: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle Radula Gills and nephridia
6
Q
Insecta, crustacea, Arachnida
A
Arthopods
Jointed appendages Body segments Sensory apparatus Chitinous exoskeleton Open circulatory system Malpighian tubules Trachea
7
Q
Sea stars and sea urchins
A
Echinoderms
Sessile Bilateral>radial Water vascular system Sexual rep/fragmentation & regeneration Endoskeleton of calcium
8
Q
Fish amphibians reptile bird mammal
A
Chordates
Notochord
Dorsal
Tail
Homeo/endotherms
9
Q
Mammals
A
Chordata Nourish babies with milk Hair/fur Endothermic Placental
10
Q
Antheridium
A
Develops on gametophyte; structure that produces sperm
11
Q
Archegonium
A
Develops on the gametophyte; structure that produces eggs
12
Q
Gametophyte
A
Haploid adult plant
13
Q
Megaspore
A
Produced by large female cones and will develop into female gametophytes
14
Q
Microspore
A
Made by small male cones and will develop into make gametophytes/pollen grains
15
Q
Protonema
A
Branching, one-celled-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores
16
Q
Sporangia
A
Located at the tip of the mature sporophyte, where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores
17
Q
Sori
A
Raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns
18
Q
Sporophyte
A
Diploid adult plant
19
Q
Blood type A & B
A
Each has corresponding antigen on surface. Antibodies are against each other : a vs b
20
Q
O & AB
A
No antigens present on surface for O; A&B antigens on surface
O has antibodies vs both a and b
AB has none
21
Q
First line of defense (immune system)
A
Skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Stomach acid
22
Q
2nd line of defense
A
Inflammatory: release of histamine and rise of body temp
Phagocytes: macrophages that extend pseudopods
Interferons: chemicals released
23
Q
3rd line of defense
A
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
24
Karl Von Frisch
Studied the waggle dance in bees
25
Konrad lorenz
He studied imprinting
26
Epiphytes
Photosynthetic plants that grow on trees rather than supporting themselves
27
Batesian mimicry
Harmless animal pretending to be a poisonous one
28
Mullerian mimicry
Two dangerous animals pretending to be each other
29
Result of decomposers action
Decrease in oxygen
30
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Live in the roots of legumes
| They make ammonia
31
Fission
Separation of organism into two new cells
32
Budding
Splitting off of individuals from existing ones
33
Fragmentation
Single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals
34
Parthenogenesis
Development of an egg w/o fertilization
35
Testes
Site of sperm formation
36
Vas deferens
Duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from epididymis to penis
37
Prostate gland
Secretes semen in urethra
38
Scrotum
Holds testes, cools temperature which allows sperm to survive
39
Urethra
Tube that carries semen and urine
40
Ovary
Meiosis occurs here and the secondary oocyte forms prior to birth
41
Oviduct/Fallopian tube
Fertilization occurs here. After its fertilized the egg moved through the oviduct to the uterus
42
Uterus
Where the embryo will develop
43
Vagina
The birth canal
44
Cervix
Mouth of uterus
45
Endometrium
Lining of uterus
46
Chorion
Allows for diffusion of respiratory gases b/w outside environment and inside the cell
47
Yolk sac
Enclosed yolk (food) for embryo
48
Amnion
Enclosed embryo
49
Allantois
Conduit for respiratory gases to and from embryo. Nitrogenous waste uric acid develops here until baby hatches. It's the bird version of a placenta.
50
Viscera
Internal organs
51
Pith
Part of a plant for storage
52
Cambium
Layer of actively dividing cells, responsible for secondary growth of roots and stems
53
Cortex of a plant
Outer layer of a stem or root in a plant
54
Adaptive radiation
Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor
55
Divergent evolution
One population that gets separated somehow and evolves into another species due to different circumstances
56
Eutrophication
Increase of nutrients in lakes make stuff die
57
Acid rain
Causes by increases of nitrogen and sulfur in the air
58
Global warming
Due to increase of CO2 in the air
59
Depletion of the ozone layer
Due to accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons
Causes increase of UV light
60
Pancreas
Regulates blood levels through release of insulin and glucagon
61
Chromosomal aberrations: deletion
Fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division
62
Chromosomal aberrations: inversion
Chromosomal fragment reattached to its original chromosome but in inverse orientation
63
Chromosomal aberrations: Translocation
Fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to no homologous chromosome
64
Chromosomal aberrations: polyploidy
Cell/organism has extra sets of chromosomes
65
Chromosomal aberrations: non disjunction
Homologous chromosomes can't separate during meiosis
66
Phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive
| Cannot break down phenylalanine. No elimination from phenylalanine will result in severe mental retardation.
67
Cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive
Most common lethal genetic disease
Buildup of extra cellular fluid in lungs
68
Tay-Sachs disease
Autosomal recessive
Onset early in life due to lack of enzyme needed to break down lipids necessary for normal brain function. Results is seizures, blindness, &early death
69
Huntingtons Disease
Autosomal dominant
| Degenerate disease of the NS resulting in early death. Happens during middle age
70
Hemophilia
Sex-linked recessive
| Caused by absence of proteins needed for blood clotting
71
Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
| Facial features, mental retardation, prone to Alzheimer's and leukemia
72
Klinefelter's syndrome
Male w/ extra X chromosome
73
Conjugation
Primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material.
74
Stomach
Digests protein using pepsinogen
| pH: 2-3
75
Small intestine
Digestion is completed here and nutrients are absorbed here. Peptidases: trypsin and chymotrypsin
Nucleases
Lipases
76
Capillary
Absorb amino acids, vitamins, and monosaccharides directly into blood stream
77
Lacteal
Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into lymphatic system
78
Liver
Makes bike that emulsifies fats and sends it to the gall bladder
79
Gallbladder
Stores bike
80
Pancreas
Secretes peptidase into small intestine
81
Large intestine/Colin
No digestion
| Egestion, vitamin production, & reabsorption of h2o
82
Mechanism of blood clotting
```
Damaged tissue and platelets release:
Thromboplastin + Ca++
stimulates
Prothrombin(inactive)>thrombin(active)
Stimulates
Fibrinogen(inactive)>fibrin
```
83
Thrombocytes
Platelets
84
Systolic
Contracting measure
85
Diastolic
Resting measure
86
Tropic hormones
Stimulates other glands to release hormones
87
Anterior pituitary
```
Growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
```
88
Posterior pituitary
Ocytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands
| ADH
89
Thyroid
Thyroxin: controls metabolic rate
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels
90
Parathyroid
Parathormone: raises blood calcium levels
91
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids: raises blood sugar levels
92
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
| Non epinephrine
93
Pancreas
Insulin: lowers blood glucose
Glucagon: raises blood glucose
94
Thymus
Thymosin: stimulates t lymphocyte
95
Pineal
Melatonin
96
Ovaries
Estrogen
| Progesterone
97
Testes
Androgens
98
Pyloric sphincter
On top of stomach
99
Functions of the liver
Cholesterol production
Recycling of RBCs
Bile production
Site of deamination of amino acids
100
Functions of the colon
Egestion of un digested food
Reabsorption of excess h2O
Vitamin production
101
Blood flow
1. Vena cava
2. right Atrium
3. RightAV valve/tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle -Pulmonary/semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary artery
6. Lungs
7. Pulmonary vein
8. leftatrium
9. Left tricuspid/ AV valve
10. Left ventricle
11. Aortic semilunar valve
12. Aorta
1: 3 body
102
Cornea
Covering that protects the eye and allows light to pass thru
103
Steroid hormone
Goes inside of cell
104
Protein hormones
Attach to protein receptor on plasma membrane and starts a 2nd messenger
105
Humor
Fluid that maintains the shape of the eyeball
106
Iris
Controls how much light enters the eye
107
Lens
Focuses light onto retina
108
Pupil
Small opening in middle of iris
109
Retina
Converts light into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain
110
Auditory canal
Ear canal where sound enters
111
Cochlea
Fluid-filled part of inner ear that sends nerve impulses to brain
112
Ear bones
Ear bones
113
Ear bones
Hammer, anvil, stirrup; transmits vibrations from eardrum to oval window
114
Eustachian tube
=lizard pressure b/w environment and inner ear
115
Oval window
Sends waves of pressure to cochlea
116
Semi circular canals
Fluid filled, helps maintain balance
117
Tympanum
Ear drum, vibrates as sound waves hit
118
Analogous structures
Have same function but is not evidence of a common ancestry
119
Divergent evolution
Occurs when a pop becomes isolated and is exposed to new selected pressures, causing it to evolve into a new species
120
Convergent evolution
Similar adaptations made due to a similar environment, not because of relation
121
Parallel evolution
Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after divergence from a common ancestor
122
Coevolution
The mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species
123
Adaptive radiation
Emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor
124
Ancient earth
NO FREE OXYGEN
| CH4, NH3, H2O, N2
125
Heterotrophic
Doesn't make their own food
126
Heterotroph hypothesis
First cells in earth were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes
127
Lamarck
Inheritance of acquired traits; relied on use and disuse
128
Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge
Theory of punctuated =librium
129
Oparin and Haldane
Hypothesized that organic molecules could form in early earth
130
Cellulose
Makes up plant cell walls
131
Chitin
Makes up exoskeleton in arthropods & cell walls in mushrooms
132
Starch
The way plants store carbs
133
Glycogen
"Animal starch" stored in liver/skeletal muscle
