General Revision

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Provide O2
Remove CO2

Question 2

How is the respiratory system classified?

Answer 2

By structure NOT function, ie upper and lower

Question 3

Which part of the respiratory system is also part of the digestive system?

Answer 3

Pharynx

Question 4

Name the 3 main cartilages of the Larynx

Answer 4

Epiglotis
Thyroid
Cricoid

Question 5

What are the key features of the Larynx?

Answer 5

Cylinder shaped muscular tube
Cartilage skeleton
Ligaments
Membranes (aka Laryngeal Folds)

Question 6

Name the 3 regions of the Larynx

Answer 6

Supraglottis
Glottis (contains vocal chords)
Subglottis

Question 7

What are the 3 main functions of the Larynx?

Answer 7

Passageway for air
Protective sphincter (epiglottis) guarding trachea from food aspiration
Sound Production

Question 8

What shape is the Epiglottis of the Larynx?

Answer 8

Leaf shaped

Question 9

What shape is the Thyriod of the Larynx?

Answer 9

Shield shaped

Question 10

What shape is the Cricoid of the Larynx?

Answer 10

Ring shaped

Question 11

Name the 3 pairs of cartilage that the Larynx also has

Answer 11

Arytenoids (aid in vocal chord movement) - pyramid shaped
Corniculates - horn shaped
Cuneiforms - wedge shaped

Question 12

What are the 2 types of Laryngeal Folds?

Answer 12

Vocal Folds - white “true vocal chords”
Vestibular Folds - pink “false vocal chords”

Question 13

Name the main features that make the respiratory system

Answer 13

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs

Question 14

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 14

Maintain blood pH
Maintain fluid balance
Sound production
Olfaction (smell)

Question 15

What makes the upper respiratory system?

Answer 15

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 16

What is in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 16

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Thoracic cage
Diaphragm

Question 17

Delete card

Question 18

What are key features of nasal cavities?

Answer 18

External and internal nares
Nasal septum
Mucus membranes
Hairs (to filter course materials from inhaled air)

Question 19

Name the functions of the nasal cavities

Answer 19

Passageway for air
Warms, moistens and filters
Resonating chamber (aids in phonation)
Supports olfactory receptors

Question 20

What creates the boarder between the digestive system and respiratory system?

Answer 20

Epiglottis

Question 21

What are the key features of the Pharynx?

Answer 21

Cone shaped tube
Skeletal muscle
Mucus membranes

Question 22

What are the functions of the Pharynx?

Answer 22

Passageway for air and food
Aids in phonation
** Pharynx is part of the both the digestive and respiratory system**

Question 23

Name the 3 regions of the Pharynx

Answer 23

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 24

Describe the vestibular folds aka false vocal chords in 4 points

Answer 24

Fixed folds
Pink
Provide protection
Play no role in sound production

Question 25

Describe the vocal folds aka true vocal chords in 3 points

Answer 25

Highly elastic White (avascular) Play vital role in sound production

Question 26

What are the 2 positions of vocal chords

Answer 26

Aducted (together or closed glottis) - during sound production and swallowing Abducted (apart or open glottis) - during respiration

Question 27

List the main features of the Trachea

Answer 27

16-20 C shaped cartilages Mucous membrane Smooth muscle Extends to the carina (which divides into 2 main bronchi)

Question 28

List the 3 functions of the Trachea

Answer 28

Warms, moistens and filters air Protection (sticky membrane traps foreign particles) Humidify inhaled air

Question 29

What are the 4 sections of the Bronchial Tree?

Answer 29

Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Terminal bronchi (last generation of conducting airways)

Question 30

What makes up the Respiratory Zone?

Answer 30

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli

Question 31

What are the key features of the alveolar ducts and sacs?

Answer 31

Mucus lined pouches Contain alveoli Gas exchange

Question 32

List the 4 key features of alveoli?

Answer 32

Main site for gas exchange Cup shaped out pouching Elastic fibres Contain septal cells

Question 33

Describe the lungs

Answer 33

Pyramid shaped paired organs Lobes and segments Pleura (membrane that surrounds the lung to reduce friction)

Question 34

List the lobes of the right lung

Answer 34

Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe

Question 35

What divides the lobes of the right lung?

Answer 35

Oblique and horizontal fissure

Question 36

Name the lobes of the left lung

Answer 36

Superior lobe Inferior lobe

Question 37

What divides the lobes of the left lung?

Answer 37

Oblique fissure

Question 38

What are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 38

Inhalation (inflow) - active process Exhalation (outflow) - passive process

Question 39

Explain the Sequence of Events for Inspiration

Answer 39

*Atmospheric is approx 760 mmHg Diaphragm contracts Thoracic cavity volume increases Lung volume increases Alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure decreases - approx 759 mmHg Air moves in Lungs inflate

Question 40

Explain the Sequence of Events for Expiration

Answer 40

*Atmospheric is approx 760 mmHg Diaphragm relaxes Thoracic cavity volume decreases Lungs recoil Alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure increases - approx 762 mmHg Air moves out Lungs deflate

Question 41

What is the Tidal Volume (TV) of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 41

500ml

Question 42

What does spirometry measure ?

Answer 42

Volume of air associated with different phases of respiratory cycle, which when added together equals the total lung capacity (also a diagnostic tool for respiratory disease)

Question 43

What are the 4 different lung volumes?

Answer 43

Tidal volume (TV) - approx 500ml Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - approx 3100ml Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - approx 1200ml Residual volume - approx 1200ml

Question 44

What are the 4 different lung capacities?

Answer 44

Inspiratory capacity (IC) Functional residual capacity (FRC) Vital capacity (VC) Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 45

What is the formula for Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

Answer 45

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV 6000ml = 500 + 3100 + 1200 +1200 *TLC max amount of air in lungs after a max inhaled effort

Question 46

What is the formula for Vital Capacity (VC)?

Answer 46

VC = TV + IRV + ERC 4800ml = 500 + 3100 +1200 *VC is the max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inspired effort

Question 47

What is the formula for Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

Answer 47

FRC = ERV + RV 2400ml = 1200 + 1200 *FRC is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Question 48

What is the formula for Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

Answer 48

IC = TV + IRV 3600ml = 500 + 3100 *IC is the max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 49

Name some examples of respiratory associated disorders

Answer 49

COPD Carcinoma Infection Pneumonia