General Revision

Question 1

Describe the pathway of blood (right side of heart)

Answer 1

Superior & inferior vena cava (SVC and IVC)
Right atrium (AR)
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle (RV)
Pulmonary valve (PR)
Pulmonary arteries (PA)
Lungs

Question 2

Describe the pathway of blood (left side of heart)

Answer 2

Lungs
Pulmonary veins (the only veins that transport oxygenated blood)
Left atrium (LA)
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle (LV)
Aortic valve
Aorta

Question 3

Once blood is pumped into the Aorta, where does blood flow in order to be delivered to the systemic system?

Answer 3

Descending aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Question 4

What are some additional features of the heart and its surrounds? Ie: words you find difficult to remember

Answer 4

Pericardium
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
Moderator band
Chordae tendinae
Interventricular septum

Question 5

Name the 5 elements that make the Cardiac Conductive System

Answer 5

Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle / Bundle of His)
Bundle branches (left and right)
Purkinje fibres

Question 6

What is the SA node also referred to as?

Answer 6

Primary Pacemaker (PP)

Question 7

What does the SA node do?

Answer 7

Generates an impulse or action potential

Question 8

How many action potentials can the SA produce per minute?

Answer 8

Approx 60 - 100 / minute

Question 9

What does the AV node do?

Answer 9

Delays conduction by approx 100 milliseconds (100ms)
(aka “the pause”)

Question 10

What does “the pause” allow time for the heart to do?

Answer 10

Allows time for ventricles to fill after atrial contraction

Question 11

What does the AV bundle / Bundle of His do?

Answer 11

Conducts impulses from atria to ventricles

Question 12

True or False - Bundle branches conduct impulse downwards

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What do the Purkinje Fibres do?

Answer 13

Conduct impulse upwards and around to ventricular walls

Question 14

What are the main elements of the Cardiovascular System?

Answer 14

Blood - fluid medium
Heart - pump
Blood vessels - conducting system

Question 15

Is blood considered a connective tissue?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Describe the physical characteristics of blood

Answer 16

Colour - scarlet (O2 rich) dark red (O2 poor)
Temperature - 38 C
pH - 7.4
Volume - 5-6 L ( 8% of body weight)
Viscosity relative to H2O - x5

Question 17

What are the key functions of blood?

Answer 17

Transport (dissolved substances, O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste products)
pH regulation
Defence
Coagulation
Thermoregulation

Question 18

What is the composition of whole blood?

Answer 18

Plasma 55% (non living aqueous fluid)
Formed Elements 45%

Question 19

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 19

Proteins
H2O
Other solutes

Question 20

Name the proteins found in plasma

Answer 20

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 21

What is found in the “other solutes” within plasma?

Answer 21

Ions
Nutrients
Waste product
Gases
Regulatory substances (ie hormones)

Question 22

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 22

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Question 23

What types of Leukocytes are in the formed elements of whole blood?

Answer 23

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 24

What is the function of the formed elements in whole blood?

Answer 24

Erythrocytes - Transport
Leukocytes - Defence and immunity
Platelets - Clot / coagulate

Question 25

What are the life spans of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets?

Answer 25

100 - 120 days for Erythrocytes 13 - 20 days for Leukocytes 8 - 9 days for Platelets

Question 26

Where is the location of the heart?

Answer 26

Posterior to sternum In the thoracic cavity Mediastinum Left of midline

Question 27

What is the Pericardium?

Answer 27

Outer protective layer of the heart Double walled sac (provides protection, anchors in position and lubricates)

Question 28

Name the layers of the heart wall in order from superficial to deep

Answer 28

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Question 29

What are the 4 heart chambers?

Answer 29

RA RV LA LV

Question 30

List the key features of the Atria

Answer 30

Upper receiving chambers Have a protruding auricle Thin walled myocardium Pectinate muscles

Question 31

What separates the Atriums?

Answer 31

Intratrial Septum

Question 32

What separates the Ventricles?

Answer 32

Intraventricular Septum (Contains Bundle of Branches)

Question 33

List the key features of the Ventricles

Answer 33

Lower filling chambers No protrude auricle Thick walled myocardium Papillary muscles

Question 34

What are the 2 pairs of heart valves, and what do they do?

Answer 34

Atrioventricular Semilunar Permit blood to flow in one direction

Question 35

What pair of valves are atrioventricular?

Answer 35

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve

Question 36

What pair of valves are semilunar?

Answer 36

Pulmonary valve Aortic valve

Question 37

Describe the location and function of the Tricuspid Valve

Answer 37

Located between the RA and RV 3 cusps Prevents backflow of blood from RV to RA Supported of fibrous attachment (chordae tendinae)

Question 38

Describe the location and function of the Biscuspid Valve aka Mitral Valve

Answer 38

Located between the LA and LV 2 cusps Permits blood flow from LA to LV Supported of fibrous attachment (chordae tendinae)

Question 39

What are the key features of the Pulmonary Valve?

Answer 39

Located between the RV and the PA 3 cusps Opened by contraction of the myocardium

Question 40

Where is the Aortic Valve and what are its features?

Answer 40

Located between the LV and ascending aorta 3 cusps Opened by contraction of the myocardium

Question 41

What does the P wave represent on ECG?

Answer 41

Impulse generated SA node Conduction through both atria (Atrial Depolarisation)

Question 42

On an ECG, what represents "the pause" or the delay caused by the impulse arriving at the AV node?

Answer 42

The line between the P and Q

Question 43

What does the QRS wave represent on ECG?

Answer 43

QR - Impulse travelling down the septum from AV node to Bundle of His and left and right Bundle Branches RS - Impulse moving through ventricles from the Bundle Branches to Purkinje Fibres This is Ventricular depolarisation

Question 44

When does Atrial Repolarisation occur?

Answer 44

During Ventricular Depolarisation (hidden on ECG by the big impulse that occurs to depolarise the ventricles)

Question 45

What does the T wave represent on ECG?

Answer 45

Ventricular Repolarisation Ie - measures the ventricles filling back up

Question 46

What is the U wave on ECG?

Answer 46

Repolarisation of the Purkinje Fibres

Question 47

What is the 3 stage process that is shown on ECG?

Answer 47

Atrial depolarisation Ventricular depolarisation Ventricular repolarisation

Question 48

Name the layers found in blood vessels

Answer 48

Tunica Externa Tunica Media (larger in arteries) Tunica Intima

Question 49

What are the key features of Tunica Media?

Answer 49

Middle layer Smooth Muscle Elastic connective tissue

Question 50

What types of blood vessels are found in the body?

Answer 50

Arteries - transport oxygenated blood away from the heart Veins - transport deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins ) Capillaries - connect arteries with veins for gas exchange

Question 51

Name the Major Blood Vessels

Answer 51

SVC - transports deoxygenated blood from upper body to RA IVC - transports deoxygenated blood from lower body to RA Pulmonary Artery - deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs Pulmonary Veins - transports oxygenated blood back towards LA Aorta - transports oxygenated blood from LV to body

Question 52

What are considered coronary vessels?

Answer 52

Coronary veins and coronary arteries

Question 53

Name 3 Coronary Arteries

Answer 53

Left main coronary artery (LMCA) Right coronary artery (RCA) Circumflex artery

Question 54

Identify 3 Coronary Veins

Answer 54

Great coronary vein Middle coronary vein Small coronary vein