general stuff Flashcards by Maryam Garkuwa

gram +

they have a thicker cell wall (more peptidglycan)
produce exotoxins
stain blue
have specific molecules like teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

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gram -

have a thinner cell wall (often appears as multilayered)
has another membrane known as the outer membrane
periplasmic space- between the 2 membranes
produce endotoxins /lipoplysaccharude which are found on the outer membrane so you have to kill the bacteria in order release the endotoxins

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yersinia pestis and whats special about it

GRAM -  and WAYSONS
CAPSULE
facultative anaerobe 
psychrophile - 28 
NON FASTIDIOUS -standard blood agar iwth 5% sheeps blood. interesting is that the bacteria grows v slowly not the usual 24 hours but 48 
bipolar staining - safety pin

produces both exo and endo

antibiotics: tetracyclines and aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamycin

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cholerae

non fastidious
curved like a comma - curved rods
has 1 long flagella -motile
GRAM -
likes an alkaline media - TCBS agar - selective media use to isolate the vibrio species
india is the motherland of cholerae
serotypes 01 and 0139 are the ones responsible for epidemic

pathogenic factors:
flagella- H antigen
enterotoxin- salt water imbalance
hyaluronidase-helps to invade into tissues

prevention:
is a vaccine but immunity is short lived

antibiotics:
tetracycline

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bacillus anthraics

GRAM +
arranged in chains - RODs bamboo stick appearance
capsule -protein
spores
AEROBE
non fastidious - on broth grows as cotton

is a zooinois - sometimes humans can be infected but its mainly an animal disease like sheeps and cows etc.

pathogenic factors:
capsule - K
exotoxin with edema factor (mimics camp)
lethal factor
and protective factor (binds to host cell enabling bacteria to enter) . IS CENTRAL FOR THE ACTION OF THE OTHER 2

4 forms
skin- black eschar

TREATMENT: penicillin
vaccine: AVA anthrax vaccine adsorbed

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which diseases do we treat with ceftriaxone

syphillis and gonnorhea

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campylobacter and helicobacter

c.jejuni and c.fetus cause diarrhoea and sepsis

H.pylori - gastric cancer, peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis

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enterobacteriaceae examples and characteristics

E. COLI - uti and neonatal meningitis 
KLEBSIELLA
SERRATIA 
ENTERBACTER
PROTESUS- utis
YERSINA ENTEROCOLITICA- enterocolitis

GRAM -

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5 different subtypes of e.coli

ETEC
EHEC
EPEC
EAEC
EIEC

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e. coli hemolysis

ALPHA

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Which bacteria do alpha hemolyis that we compare a lot

s.pneumoniae and s.virdans

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differeneces between strep and staphy and staph subtypes

strep don’t produce catalase but staphy do.
staphy are clusters and strep are chains .
staphylococci may be coagulase + or - but streptococci are always -

streptococci are more fastidious than staphylococci (require proteins in blood)

between the staphy species you use thec coagulase test as s.auerus has coagulase but s.epidermis and s. saprophyticus do not

differences between s.pneumonia and s.virdans which are both alpha

bile solubility - yes
inulin test - + blue -yellow
optochin -s.pneuomonia is sensitive
quelling reaction s.pneumonia is postive

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test to differentiate between the B group

lancefield-serological tests based on detection of carbohydrate antigen
bacitrian - group A affected

camp- group B

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distinguishing between gonnorrhea and meningitis

gonorrhea can only ferment glcuose not maltose

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which are the 4 species of shigella and wihch one produces the exotoxin shiga toxin

s. flexneri
s. boydii
s. sonnei
s. dysentra- produces shiga

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congential syphillis

early : similar to secondary stage of adults. you also have lymph node liver and spleen enlargement

late: affects bones, teeth , saddle nose,saber shins.similar to 3rd but cardovascular rarely occurs

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which bateria use loffler stain

which bacterua use loffler media

N.meningitis - stain

c.diptheria

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comparing yersinia, cholera nad bacillus

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Y: Capsule +gram - , cant move facultative anaerobe coccobacilli
C: Gram - , flagella, no capsule and facultative anaerobe
B; Gram +, spores aerobe

fow which bacteria do we not use gram staining/prefer to use other stains

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M.Tubeculosis due to the cell wall compositions so we use zeihle neison (red) staining and chlamydia and y.p and corynebacterium

which bacteria can we not grow on ordinary media

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treponema pallidum

chlamydia trachamonatis

loevinstein jenson broth

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for tb appears as brown colonies

AEROBES

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M.TB

b. anthraics
b. pertussis

waysons staining

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y.p

c.dip

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gram +
voluntine granules - blue and cytoplasm appear yellow (NEISSER STAIN)
media: loffler

Which bacteria has an exotoxin coded by a phage

diptheriae

diptheria toxin

encoded by a phage has 2 subunits A + B (binding,helps attach to host cell) a- mediates the catalytic effects blocks protein synthesis by binding to EF2 factor which stops translation exotoxin affects the HEART ADRENAL GLANDS AND PERIPHERAL NERVES (demyelinates them) even though the bacteria does not move it still has damage

what staining do we use for spores

moller (red)

what special about Tb

Use zeihl neison staining due to cell wall compostion and also it has a longer generartion time about 20 hours compared to the normal 20 mins of bacteria also doesnt produce any sort of toxins

common properties of eneteric bacteria

gram - rods all ferment glucose but not all produce gas some ferment lactose (e.coli)

which bacteria cause endocarditis and which bacteria cause meningitis?

1. staphylococci aurueus- 2. streptococcus virdans -most common cause of subacute endocarditis 1. s.pneumonia - popular 2. N.meningitidis 3. Hinfluenza 4. E.coli-in babies 5. group b strep -aglactia in babies 6. staphylocuu

which bacteria cause UTI

E.COLI NUMBER 1 proteus klebsiella

which bacteria infects burns

pseudomonas arginosa and s.auresus

which bacteria cause tonsilitis

group A strep -pyognese | c.diptheria

which bacteria cause osteomyelitis

STAPHYLOCOCCUS A salmonella typhii pseudomonas arginosa

which bacteria cause otitis media

s. pneumonia -most | h. influenza-second

which bacteria produces shiga

s.dystenterae | EHEC 0.157.H7

exceptions to the family of enterobacteriacae

All noncapsulated apart from salmonella. allmotile except shigella and klebsiella

which are the lactose fermenters

KEE KLEBSIELLA ENTEROBACTER E.COLI

which e.coli is shiegella related too

EIEC, but shigella need low doses

target of shigella and describe its pathogensis

M cells | invade peyer patches inflammation leads to necrosis or ulcers propels self via atin filaments

reiters syndrome

complication of shigella

different kinds of diarrhoea

page 55

which give you struvite stones

proteus due to the urease

first ever vaccine

Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796. He followed up his observation that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox by showing that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox.

general stuff Flashcards

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