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Geography Smith = Hazards = Volcanoes + Case Study 🌋 > General = Volcanoes > Flashcards

General = Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

Vulcancity

A

Refers to all volcanic activities related to magma forced through crust

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2
Q

Volcano (2)

A

Openings in earths crust
Lava ash and gas erupt

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3
Q

Constructive margin - oceanic (2)

A

Oceanic ridges
Mid Atlantic ridge

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4
Q

Constructive - Continental (2+)

A

Rift Valley
African Rift Valley - mt Kilimanjaro

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5
Q

Destructive (2)

A

Ring of fire - Pacific Ocean
Most Violent

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6
Q

Intraplate (3)

A

Over hotspots
Middle of pacific
Hawaiian islands

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7
Q

Constructive type of lava

A

Basaltic

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8
Q

Constructive characteristics (3)

A

Runny
Less viscous
Low in silica

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9
Q

Constructive type of eruption (2)

A

Little violence
Gas escapes easily

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10
Q

Constructive - form (2)

A

Shield volcano
Lava only

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11
Q

Destructive - type of magma

A

Acidic

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12
Q

Destructive lava characteristics (3)

A

Slow flowing
Viscous
High in silica

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13
Q

Destructive - type of eruption

A

Potentially explosive

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14
Q

Destructive - hazards (3)

A

Tephra
Pyroclastic flow
Ash + gas

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15
Q

Destructive - form (2)

A

Composite cone
Layers ash and lava

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16
Q

Primary hazards (6)

A

Lava flows
Pyroclastic flow
Tephra
Nuees ardentes
Ash fallout
Gases

17
Q

Secondary hazards (4)

A

Mudflows
Landslides
Tsunamis
Acid rain

18
Q

Lava flow (2++)

A

Basaltic = higher temp + flows for longer
Acid lava = slower + block neck of volcano = explosions

19
Q

Pyroclastic flow (3)

A

Hot rock, ash and gases rising
Moves at a rapid speed = up to 200m/s
Temperatures are between 350-1000°C

20
Q

Tephra (3)

A

Solid rock ejected from volcano
Largest = 1m in diameter = death
Smallest = carried for great distances

21
Q

Nuees ardente (3)

A

‘Glowing cloud’
Dense, rapid cloud of hot gases, ashes, and lava fragments
Type of pyroclastic flow

22
Q

Ash fallout (4+)

A

Ejected high in atmosphere
Can cover large area
Highly abrasive = breathing problems, disrupt machinery
Obstruct sunlight, reduce visibility and temps

23
Q

Volcanic gases (5)

A

Dominated by steam
Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, and chlorine

24
Q

Mudflows / Lahars (3)

A

Formed when ash and other volcanic material mix with water
Speed = 60km/h
Highly erosive

25
Q

Acid rain (2+)

A

Volcanoes emit sulphurous gas = acidic rainwater when combined with atmospheric moisture

26
Q

Magnitude (2)

A

Logarithmic scale
Volcanic exclusivity index

27
Q

Frequency (3+)

A

Basaltic lava = continuous
Destructive = acidic lava infrequently = dormant
Yellowstone supervolcano = 3 times in 2.1million years

28
Q

Warning signs of volcano (4)

A

Measure local seismic activity = seismometer
Ground deformation = tiltometer
Changes in conc. of Co2 and sulphur dioxide = remote sensing
Temp of ground water = hydrological instruments

29
Q

Primary impacts examples (4+)

A

Direct result of volcano
Lava + pyroclastic flow = destroy roads and cause buildings to collapse
Ash = damage crops and water supply
Tephra + lava = kill people

30
Q

Secondary impacts examples (5+)

A

Lahars = kill, injure, damage roads = emergency services stopped = more death
Business collapse = unemployment
Psychological problems = loss
Shortages of food
Fires

31
Q

Protection offered through what (3+)

A

Risk management:
Preparedness = state of readiness
Mitigation = action of reducing severity of risk
Adaption = action if changing behaviour in order to reduce severity

32
Q

Prediction involves (3)

A

Hazard mapping = previous lava flow = geology

33
Q

Protection (5+)

A

Warnings issued
Instructions on how to act
Hazard maps = evacuation strategies
At risk areas = alert systems, shelters, evacuation camps
Emergency water + food supplies

34
Q

How many active volcanoes

A

1500

35
Q

% of eruptions associated with plate margins

A

95%

Geography Smith = Hazards = Volcanoes + Case Study 🌋 (2 decks)

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