general zoology 210-05 exam 2

Question 1

reproduction: define diploid and haploid.

Answer 1

• haploid: have 1 set of chromosomes, under meiosis
  -diploid: have 2 sets if chromosomes, undergo mitosis,

Question 2

reproduction: how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?

Answer 2

-gametes have 1 set of chromosomes ( 23)

Question 3

reproduction: explain spermatogenesis. where does spermatogenesis take place? what are the results of meiosis?

Answer 3

-spermatogenesis: spermatogonia will undergo
mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes
-made in the testis
-1 spermatocyte →4 spermatids
-primary spermatocyte (Diploid) to 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (Meiosis I)
-Each secondary spermatocyte to
additional haploid spermatids
(Meiosis II)

Question 4

reproduction: does temperature impact spermatogenesis?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

reproduction: explain oogenesis. Where does oogenesis take place? What are the results of meiosis?

Answer 5

-oogenesis: oogonia will undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
-made in the ovary
-1 oocyte→1 ovum
-primary oocyte (Diploid) to 2 haploid secondary oocytes (Meiosis I)
-the secondary oocyte will divide again (Meiosis II) into 1 ovum

Question 6

reproduction: define oviparous

Answer 6

-oviparous: Egg laying –outside of the body, internal or external fertilization
- examples: invertebrates, egg laying
vertebrates

Question 6

reproduction: define ovoviviparous

Answer 6

-ovoviviparous: fertilized egg will stay in the oviduct
or uterus until hatching, internal fertilization
-examples: invertebrates, fish, reptiles

Question 7

reproduction: define viviparous

Answer 7

-viviparous: fertilized egg (without a shell)
develops in the oviduct or uterus, direct connection with developing embryo internally, internal fertilization
-examples: lizards, snakes, mammals, some
amphibians

Question 8

reproduction: what is external fertilization?

Answer 8

external fertilization is when the egg gets fertilized by the sperm cell outside the body

Question 9

reproduction: what is internal fertilization?

Answer 9

internal fertilization is when the egg gets fertilized by the sperm cell inside the body

Question 10

reproduction: What is the SRY gene? What are some examples in the animal kingdom of how sex is determined?

Answer 10

-SRY gene: on Y chromosome
(male mammals)
-If not present (or activated) female default, hormone differences
(testosterone), leads to development of testes instead of the ovary
-incubation temperature (reptiles)

Question 11

reproduction: what is the cloaca? ( female & male)

Answer 11

-cloaca: common chamber for all intestinal,
reproductive, and excretory products
-almost all vertebrates (except most
mammals), urogenital ducts open into a
cloaca

Question 12

reproduction: seminiferous tubules (male)

Answer 12

-seminiferous tubules: a structure within the testes where sperm is made
-mammals testes descend into the
scrotum

Question 13

reproduction: epididymis ( male)

Answer 13

-epididymis: where sperm is stored

Question 14

reproduction: vas deferens (male)

Answer 14

-vas deferens transports sperm to
the urethra and out the penis

Question 15

reproduction: what are the additional glands providing additional fluid to semen along the way ( male)

Answer 15

-prostate gland
-bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicle

Question 16

reproduction: urethra ( female & male)

Answer 16

• urethra: organ that secretes urine and other material within

Question 17

reproduction: ovary

Answer 17

• ovary: source of the ova and sex hormones (estrogen
  and progesterone)

Question 18

reproduction: oviduct

Answer 18

-oviduct: where fertilization takes place (fallopian or uterine
tubes)

Question 19

reproduction: uterus

Answer 19

-uterus: where the endometrium is, where embryo is resting

Question 20

reproduction: placenta

Answer 20

• placenta: organ that will connect wall of uterus
  to the embryonic membranes

Question 21

reproduction: endometrium

Answer 21

• endometrium: a blood layer that builds up and sheds if there is no fetus, provides an extra layer of protection when internal fertilzation occurs

Question 22

reproduction: uterine horn

Answer 22

uterine horn: less developed uterus and more developed uterine
horns for implantation

Question 23

reproduction: vagina

Answer 23

• vagina: will receive the penis and
  serve as the birth canal

Question 24

development: what is radial cleavage?

Answer 24

radial cleavage: upper cells are on top of lower cells

Question 25

development: what is spiral cleavage?

Answer 25

spiral cleavage: upper cells are packed in between the lower cells

Question 26

development: what is blastulation? what is the blastocoel?

Answer 26

- blastula: cleavage continues until the blastula stage (cluster of cells) - blastocoel: forms a layer around a fluid filled cavity

Question 27

development: what is gastrulation? how is this related to the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers?

Answer 27

- gastrulation: blastula into a 2-3 germ layer embryo - germ layers ( diploblastic) is created during gastrulation

Question 28

development: how does being diploblastic versus triploblastic play a role in the formation of the coelom?

Answer 28

-diploblastic: has 2 germ layers, endoderm and ectoderm, cavity is an upside down U -triploblastic: has 3 germ layers, endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm, can form the coelom (empty cavity surrounded by mesoderm)

Question 29

development: what is the difference between schizocoely and enterocoely origins of the coelom?

Answer 29

-schizocoely: forms by splitting mesoderm -enterocoely: forms by out-pocketing of mesoderm from endoderm

Question 30

development: acoelomate, examples?

Answer 30

-example: flatworm -body covering ( ectoderm) - tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm) -digestive tract ( endoderm)

Question 31

development: coelomate, examples?

Answer 31

- example: annelid -body covering ( endoderm) - tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm) -digestive tract ( ectoderm) -coelom

Question 32

development: pseudocoelomate, examples?

Answer 32

- example: nematode -body covering ( endoderm) - tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm) -digestive tract ( endoderm) -pseudocoelom

Question 33

development: what characteristics are used to distinguish protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 33

-protostomes: blastopore becomes mouth -deuterostomes: blastopore becomes anus (deuterostomes only include coelomates)

Question 34

development: what are the 4 extraembryonic membranes and what are their functions in amniotes?

Answer 34

-amnion: membrane that forms the fluid filled cavity -chorion: under the shell, encloses all the membranes -allantois: storage of metabolic waste during development, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide - yolk sac: stores yolk to provide nutrients to embryo

Question 35

development: monotremes and examples

Answer 35

-monotremes: mammals that lay large yolky eggs resembling bird eggs -examples: duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters (echidnas)

Question 36

development: marsupials and examples

Answer 36

- marsupials: embryos born at an early stage of development and continue development in abdominal pouch of mother where the mammary glands are -examples: opossums and kangaroos

Question 37

development: placental mammals and examples

Answer 37

-placental mammals: evolution of the placenta for embryo nourishment required reconstruction of extraembryonic membranes, oviduct modification that formed the expanded region formed a uterus

Question 38

development: ectoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?

Answer 38

- outer epithelium of body and derivatives ( hair, nails, epithelial glands, lining of mouth, enamel of teeth, lens of eye, inner ear, and olfactory epithelium ) - neural tube ( brain, spinal cord, motor nerves -neural crest ( sensory and ganglia, skull, gill arches, adrenal medulla, dentine of teeth)

Question 39

development: mesoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?

Answer 39

-notochord -lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities - circulatory system (blood, bone marrow, endothelium of blood vessels, lymphatics ) - somites ( skeletal muscles, bone and cartilage of skeleton ( except skull), dermis, connective tissue) - urogenital systems (ureter, kidney, gonads, reproductive ducts) - smooth muscles and connective issues of digestive tracts

Question 40

development: endoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?

Answer 40

- epithelium of respiratory tract -pharynx -epithelium of gut -liver and pancreas -inner lining of uterine bladder

Question 41

tissues: what are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 41

- prokaryotic: before or no nucleus - eukaryotic: after or present nucleus

Question 42

tissues: what is the difference between the plasma membrane and a cell wall? What kinds of cells have each?

Answer 42

- plasma membrane: selectively permeable barrier - cell wall: Only plants have cell walls and extra structural barrier

Question 43

tissues: name the organelles we covered in class. what is the function of each of them?

Answer 43

- mitochondria: Conversion of energy in molecules into a chemical energy that can be used by the cell (ATP) ( plants and animals ) - chloroplasts: photosynthesis-Convert light energy into sugars( plants and algae)

Question 44

tissues: what organelles generate energy for animal cells and plant cells?

Answer 44

mitochondria

Question 45

tissues: what organisms are considered the cellular level of organization?

Answer 45

- protoplasmic: unicellular groups - cellular: Metazoans –multicellular, combine cells into larger groups for specific tasks (phylum Porifera: Choanocytes and Amoebocytes) - tissue-level: cells groups in specific patterns/layers for common function and as a coordinated unit - organ level: Tissues into larger functional units (organs), organs composed of different types of tissues * Parenchyma –functional cells * Stroma –supportive tissue - system level: several organs work together for a common function

Question 46

tissues: how does the concept of tissues connect with the previous topic of Development?

Answer 46

tissues are generated from the embryonic germ layers

Question 47

tissues: what are some of the extracellular components in animal bodies?

Answer 47

- body fluids * blood plasma: fluid in blood * interstitial fluid: fluid in between cells -extracellular structural elements * cartilage, bone, other connective tissues

Question 48

tissues: what are the four main tissue types?

Answer 48

-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous

Question 49

tissues: what is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 49

-first line of protection from wear and tear. -controls permeability -capable of secretion or release of mucous

Question 50

tissues: what are the different types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 50

- simple squamous epithelium -simple cuboidal epithelium -simple columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium

Question 51

tissues: where would you find each of these tissues? - simple squamous epithelium -simple cuboidal epithelium -simple columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 51

- simple squamous epithelium: lines vessels, lungs, and cavities -simple cuboidal epithelium: lines ducts (of glands) and tubules (kidney) -simple columnar epithelium: lining of digestive system, gallbladder, uterine tubes -stratified squamous epithelium: skin, lining of esophagus, anus, vagina

Question 52

tissues: how is their structure similar and/or different?

Answer 52

-squamous * flat -cuboidal * cubes -columnar * longer than wide, column-like

Question 53

tissues: how does the structure of the epithelial tissue connect with its function?

Answer 53

- simple squamous epithelium: allows for easy diffusion of small molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) -simple cuboidal epithelium: secretion and absorption of molecules -simple columnar epithelium: secretion and absorption of molecules -stratified squamous epithelium: skin cells have keratin in them –a protein, these cells will die and protect lower layers

Question 54

tissues: what is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 54

-structural framework -support and connect other tissues -protection of organs -stores surplus energy -transport of fluids, nutrients, blood -defense

Question 55

tissues: what are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 55

- loose connective tissue - dense connective tissue - cartilage -bone -blood -lymph -adipose

Question 56

tissues: where would you find each of these tissues? - loose connective tissue - dense connective tissue - cartilage

Answer 56

- loose connective tissue: anchors blood vessels and nerves - dense connective tissue: forms tendons and ligaments - cartilage: makes up our nose and ear

Question 57

tissues: what are the different types of muscle tissue?

Answer 57

-skeletal muscle -cardiac muscle -smooth muscle

Question 58

tissues: what is the function of nervous tissue? what kinds of cells make up nervous tissue?

Answer 58

- function: receive stimuli and conduct of impulses - types of cells * Neurons (nerves) 1. Cells that transmit the impulses * Neuroglia (Glial cells) 1. Supporting neurons

Question 59

parasitology: What is symbiosis?

Answer 59

-symbiosis: a close and prolonged relationship between two organisms of different species

Question 60

parasitology: what are different examples of symbiosis? how are they different from each other?

Answer 60

- mutualism: +/+ -parasitism: +/- -commensalism: +/0

Question 61

parasitology: what characteristics makes an organism a parasite?

Answer 61

-lives in or on another organism (host) -obtains all or part of it’s nutrient from that host -usually has adaptive physical characteristics to allow it to live off that host

Question 62

parasitology: what is a macroparasite and a microparasite? provide examples of each.

Answer 62

-complete life cycle outside or on host species -do not multiply in their host -longer generational times - examples: large species * arthropods * worms -Multiply (not necessarily reproduce) in their host -short generational times compared to host -tiny -examples: smaller species (TINY) * Protists * Bacteria

Question 63

parasitology: what is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite? provide examples of each.

Answer 63

- Ectoparasites: live on the outer body surface of the host - Endoparasites: live inside cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host.

Question 64

parasitology: what are advantages and disadvantages of being an ectoparasite?

Answer 64

- ectoparasites: live on the outer body surface of the host Advantages - safe from host immune system -ease of dispersal Disadvantages -vulnerability to natural enemies -exposure to external environment -feeding more difficult

Question 65

parasitology: what are advantages and disadvantages of being an endoparasite?

Answer 65

-endoparasite: live inside cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host Advantages -ease of feeding -protected from external environment -safe from natural enemies Disadvantages -vulnerable to host immune system -dispersal more difficult

Question 66

parasitology: what are the different types of parasites we covered in class? provide different examples of each.

Answer 66

-true parasites: all nutrition from host and normally don’t kill it -parasitoids: Insects whose larvae feed on a single host and almost always kill host * Ovipositing in ant -hemiparasitic organisms: can get nutrients parasitically and non-parasitically * Seen in plants -enslaver parasites: The parasite can alter host behavior and promotes reproduction of the parasite * Cordyceps fungi * Toxoplasma gondii –rats develop affinity to cat urine

Question 67

parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Kingdom Protista? what kinds of diseases or symptoms do they cause?

Answer 67

-Kingdom Protista –Microscopic eukaryotes *Plasmodium –causes malaria 1.mosquito is the vector 2. impacts blood cells, spleen, blood vessels *Entamoeba –causes amoebic dysentery 1.ingested in infected food or water 2. kills approx. 55,000 people a year 3.colonize in the large intestine and cause tissue destruction *Trypanosoma –African sleeping sickness * Chagas disease in the Americas

Question 68

parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Platyhelminthes? what kinds of adaptations do these organisms have to be effective parasites? what kinds of organisms are used as hosts or intermediates?

Answer 68

-Phylum Platyhelminthes –Flatworms * Class Cestoda (tapeworms) 1. Adults live in vertebrate digestive tracts 2. 1-2 intermediate steps for larval development 3. scolex –head with hooks 4. body sections full of fertilized eggs and released 5. absorb nutrients through body wall * Class Trematoda (flukes) 1. internal parasites of mollusks and vertebrates 2. mollusk is usually and intermediate 3. suck blood with muscular sucker 4. blood flukes, liver flukes

Question 69

parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Nematoda? How do these organisms come into contact with humans?

Answer 69

-Phylum Nematoda –Roundworms 1. impacts nearly all vertebrates * Ascaris 1. eggs ingested, “tour” the body, then back to intestines * Necator americanus –hookworm 1. feeds on blood from intestinal lining 2. enters through skin contact with soil *Enterobius vermicularis—pinworm 1. inhaling or ingesting eggs 2. more common in children * Trichinella spiralis –whipworm 1. transmitted to humans via uncooked pork with encysted juvenile worms 2. other animals can ingest eggs from soil 3. travel in blood and lymph vessels through body and burrow in muscles

Question 70

parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Arthropoda? what kinds of adaptations do these organisms have to be effective parasites?

Answer 70

-Phylum Arthropoda –Animals with Exoskeletons *Aphids 1. feed on the sap of plants *Ticks and Lice 1. both have adaptations (hook/claw) on legs to grip *Botflies 1. larvae have a ring of rear-facing spines to prevent extraction. *Cymothoa –crustacean (tongue eating louse) 1. multiple species * Cymothoa exigua 1. enters through the gills 2. severs the tongues blood vessels and attached to become the new tongue

Question 71

parasitology: what examples of parasites did we cover from Phylum Chordata? what kinds of organisms are the hosts?

Answer 71

-Phylum Chordata –Animals with spinal cords *Lamprey (Class Agnatha) 1. parasitic fish 2. attaches to passing fish and feeds on blood 3. specialized mouth parts *Candiru (Class Osteichthyes) 1. type of catfish with tiny barbs 2. attaches to fish gills 3. known to follow urea trails in water and swim up urethras of humans

Question 72

parasitology: why do hosts and parasites co-evolve?