Generational divide Flashcards

Question

Who was the enemy for the youth

Answer 1

For these young people, the enemy was no longer France but single party rule, mismanagement and corruption, which were not only denying them the possibility to fulfil their potential, but also failing to even stock food in the shops.

Answer 2

Young Algerians thus have no qualms about trying to obtain French nationality, and for many this seems the only hope for a better quality of life.

Answer 3

Many Algerians hold France and the West partly responsible for the wave of violence which they suffered from 1988 onwards. Persisting in their belief that Islamic fundamentalism was an internal problem for Muslim countries, the French and British Governments for a long time left radical imams to preach hate- filled sermons in French and British mosques, and collect huge sums of money to fund terrorist attacks in Algeria.

Answer 4

Anderson print press capitalism anthony d smith – not invented oout of thin air – umbilical cord stretches back – grounded in older ethno-symoblism – modes of culture. Could only succeed because there is something more grounded james mcdougall nation into look at it place various forms of nationalism amongst a wider discussion. Not accepting nationalism on face value but criticises what nationalism is look at nation as a constructed concept

Answer 5

· 22/3 riots in casblanca – secondary school students who feel they are being excluded fromeducation · 7/6 suspension of constitution · kidnap of ben barka – 29/10 Hassan 2 left isolated§

Answer 6

· Western sahara controlled by spain – death of franco – leaves western sahara – morocco move in · Inidiginous of sahara belive theirs and supported by Algeria. Polisario front · Results in political unity that supports the monarchy and monarchy becomes legitimised · Morocoon regime supported by usa –repression of opposition – look this up. Horrendous human rights record · Don’t talk abpout politics in morocco as someone might be listening – martin interview – 21

Answer 7

Morocco social tensiuons in 1980's · Economy in crisis and 80’s undergoes restructuring process under imf an world bank · Taking away subsidies for cheap food and goods · Rioting in 81 and 84 – same process in algeria · Trace urban rioting around - youth and urbanisation

Answer 8

ALGERIA -0 thrid world revolutionary (sees itself as0 – difference with Algeria and morocco, Algeria has oil and gas – no tourism – morocco does so relies upon tourism for their economy

Answer 9

· Ben Bella to Boumedienne 9military general) role of the military think about. 1965 solidifies process during independence · High point late 1960 and early 70’s as a leader of third world revo movement – Algeria seen as model for plo, anti-aparthite movement. Mandella uses it as a model · Pan African Festival 1969 Leader of non-aligned movemen

Answer 10

These young, apolitical, unemployed people are not unique to Syria, as you can see, but are also equally common to Algeria. Some spend their time hanging out; others are involved in the arts or in Web activities. The latter are the new breed of Hittistes. The hittiste are generally defined as urban poor, with no chance of employment, dependent on their families for shelter and food into their mid-20s. They are the disenfranchised, much as the African American youth in large urban areas of the United States. To find out more about the Algerian Hittistes (the new breed), you can GOOGLE to their website

Answer 11

· 70’s era of massive social change urbanisation. Expansion of education, population increase. · State could not support this growth. · 2 groups of discontent – young urban poor and devout bourgeoisie. Both groups were have nots … turned to islam on a cultural level – displaced pan-arabism to Islamism.

Answer 12

· Islamic groups provided social services and education to compensate failure of the state..

Answer 13

Graduates joined because of the benefits they would get from participation – material, psychological and or emotional but led to progression high risk activism Changed to high risk activism due to feeling a moral obligation Access to benefits (material, psychological and or emotional), individuals join due to deeply held commitements, values and beliefs, Ø Many graduates joined due to self interest – benefits Ø Initially joined in social and cultural activities – religious lessons, study group Ø Relatinships by non activist and activist continues ( veil and jeans and t shirt frieds) Ø Instead of joining a group the communal netwroks less risky due to mass repression Ø Also the support given eg help to get a visa for job abroad, could improve marriage opportunity, securing work in Islamic sector Ø The graduates got a sense of belonging, ‘brothers and sisters’ , psycic empowerment, transforming poorly skilled graduates with bleak prospects into fellow soldiersin the noble task of Islamic reform

Answer 14

Ø Many graduates seen corruption- teacher giving exam paper first to someone who paid for it, jobs given because of social connections – lower middle class graduates belived there was a CRISIS of MORALS and system dominated by westernized politicians

Answer 15

Young urban poor becoming literate o increase in population – 70-75 per cent under 25 o Rural could no longer feed children o Move from rural to urban o Education meant no longer relying on ulam, doc of law or sheikh to read quran as education policies of newly independent state meant mass education o By 1970’s many of the young had no recollection of colonial era and trusted the elites. o Educated but no job Disillusionment with state

Answer 16

Smith argues that nationalism draws on the pre-existing history of the "group", an attempt to fashion this history into a sense of common identity and shared history. This is not to say that this history should be academically valid or cogent - indeed, Smith asserts, many nationalisms are based on historically flawed interpretations of past events and tend to overly mythologise small, inaccurate parts of their history. Moreover, Smith reasons that nationalistic interpretations of the past are frequently fabricated to justify modern political and ethnic positions. Nationalism, according to Smith, does not require that members of a "nation" should all be alike, only that they should feel an intense bond of solidarity to the nation and other members of their nation. A sense of nationalism can inhabit and be produced from whatever dominant ideology exists in a given locale. Nationalism builds on pre-existing kinship, religious and belief systems. Smith describes the ethnic groups that form the background of modern nations as "ethnie".

Answer 17

Colonialism denied Algeria its own history; nationalism reinvented it. James McDougall charts the creation of that history through colonialism to independence, exploring the struggle to define Algeria's past and determine the meaning of its nationhood. Through local histories, he analyses the relationship between history, Islamic culture and nationalism in Algeria. He confronts prevailing notions that nationalism emancipated Algerian history, and that Algeria's past has somehow determined its present, violence breeding violence, tragedy repeating itself. Instead, he argues, nationalism was a new kind of domination, in which multiple memories and possible futures were effaced. But the histories hidden by nationalism remain below the surface, and can be recovered to create alternative visions for the future. This is an exceptional and engaging book, rich in analysis and documentation. It will be read by colonial historians and social theorists as well as by scholars of the Middle East and North Africa.

Answer 18

Print capitalism is a theory underlying the concept of a nation, as a group that forms an imagined community, that emerges with a common language and discourse that is generated from the use of the printing press, proliferated by a capitalist marketplace. Capitalist entrepreneurs printed their books and media in the vernacular (instead of exclusive script languages, such as Latin) in order to maximize circulation. As a result, readers speaking various local dialects became able to understand each other, and a common discourse emerged. Anderson argued that the first European nation-states were thus formed around their "national print-languages.

Answer 19

Alienated from their real history by ...socialism, third worldism and pan-arabism, the post 1962 generation were destined to become rootless. Is it little wonder...thatso many of them were sedcused by islamism.

Answer 20

Ø Islamists on rise, encouraged by chadli, but Arabic speaking students felt not same opportunity as franco – violence, student beheaded at algiers uni. Chadli crackdown, 400 arrested – however too late. 100,000 people attended meeting at Algiers uni – islamists – about trying to get Islamic state In contrast to morocco and Tunisia, repression not as harsh. Light sentence for the behaders of the leftist student, trial of arrested islamists eventually called off.

Generational divide Flashcards

(44 cards)