Genes and Cloning

Question 1

Where are genes carried?

Answer 1

Chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 2

What does sexual reproduction produce?

Answer 2

Offspring that resemble their parents but are not identical to them.

Question 3

Why do offspring resemble their parents?

Answer 3

They contain genetic information passed onto them by their parents.

Question 4

Where chromosomes found?

Answer 4

In the cell nucleus.

Question 5

What are found in chromosomes?

Answer 5

Many genes.

Question 6

What is a gene?

Answer 6

A section of DNA which carries a particular protein.

Question 7

What do different genes control?

Answer 7

The development of different characteristics of an organism.

Question 8

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

Answer 8

46

Question 9

How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human body?

Answer 9

23

Question 10

What is variation?

Answer 10

When individuals of a species look similar but are not identical.

Question 11

What is inherited variation?

Answer 11

Variation due to genetic causes.

Question 12

Give some examples of inherited variation.

Answer 12

Eye colour
Hair colour
Skin colour

Question 13

Give two examples of variation.

Answer 13

Environmental and Inherited

Question 14

How do characteristics of animal and plants vary in an environment?

Answer 14

Climate
Diet
Accidents
Culture
Lifestyle

Question 15

What are different forms of a certain gene called?

Answer 15

Alleles.

Question 16

How is a transgenic organism created?

Answer 16

Genetic modification or genetic engineering.

Question 17

What is the sum total of our genes called?

Answer 17

Genotype

Question 18

What are our characteristics in our appearance called?

Answer 18

Phenotype

Question 19

What are the two different types of allele?

Answer 19

Recessive or Dominant

Question 20

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 20

It only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele. For example the allele for blue eyes is recessive.

Question 21

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 21

It only shows if the individual has one copy of the dominant allele. For example, the allele for brown eyes is dominant.

Question 22

What is genetic modification?

Answer 22

When a gene from one organism is put into the cells of another organism.

Question 23

What is a transgenic organism?

Answer 23

An organism treated by genetic modification.

Question 24

What is cloning?

Answer 24

The production of genetically identified copies.

Question 25

What is the difference between genetic engineering and cloning?

Answer 25

Genetic engineering produces a set of unique genes and their genes can be swapped across species. Cloning produces exact copies and the genes are copied within the same species.

Question 26

What are the problems with genetic engineering?

Answer 26

Some people believe the process is unethical and should be banned.

Question 27

What does IVF stand for?

Answer 27

In-Vitro Fertilisation

Question 28

How does IVF work?

Answer 28

A woman's egg is taken from her uterus, fertilised outside the body, and then implanted back into her uterus.

Question 29

What are the ethical problems with IVF?

Answer 29

Couples may want 'designer babies' with 'desirable' qualities.

Question 30

What does asexual reproduction produce?

Answer 30

Clones that are genetically identical to their parents.

Question 31

Name two ways plants can be cloned.

Answer 31

Cuttings or Tissue Culture.

Question 32

Name two ways animals can be cloned.

Answer 32

Embryo Transplants or Fusion Cell Cloning.

Question 33

What are sex cells called?

Answer 33

Gametes.

Question 34

What are the male and female sex cells?

Answer 34

Sperm and Eggs

Question 35

What happens when gametes meet?

Answer 35

Fertilisation

Question 36

What happens after fertilisation?

Answer 36

It produces a zygote that then develops into an embryo.

Question 37

How many parents does asexual reproduction require?

Answer 37

One.

Question 38

What are the advantages of cloning plants?

Answer 38

They can be produced cheaply and commercially, on a massive scale in a short period of time.

Question 39

How do cuttings clone plants?

Answer 39

A cutting from the parent plant is taken and planted in damp compost. Plant hormones encourage new roots to develop. It is usually covered in a clear plastic bag to keep it moist and warm. After a few weeks roots develop and a new plant is produced.

Question 40

How does tissue culture produce clones?

Answer 40

Small amounts of parent tissue or a number of cells are taken. The plant material is transferred to plates containing sterile nutrient agar jelly. Plant hormones are added to stimulate the cells to divide. Cells grow rapidly into small masses of tissue. More growth hormones are added to stimulate the growth of roots and stems. The tiny plantlets are transferred into potting trays where they develop into plants.

Question 41

How do embryo transplants produce clones?

Answer 41

A developing embryo is removed from a pregnant animal at an early stage, before the embryo's cells have had time to become specialised. The cells are separated, grown for a while in a laboratory and then transplanted into host mothers. When the offspring are born, they are identical to each other. They are not identical to their host mothers, because they contain different genetic information.

Question 42

How does fusion cell cloning produce clones?

Answer 42

A egg cell was removed from the ovary of an adult female sheep, and it's nucleus removed. The nucleus from an udder cell of a donor sheep was inserted into the empty egg cell. The fused cell then began to develop normally, using genetic information from the donated DNA. Before the dividing cells become specialised, the embryo was implanted into the uterus of a foster mother sheep.

Question 43

What is DNA?

Answer 43

The complex chemical that carries genetic information.

Question 44

Where is DNA found?

Answer 44

Chromosomes.

Question 45

What does a DNA molecule carry?

Answer 45

The different codes needed for different amino acids.