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Biology Year 10 > Genes and Inheritance > Flashcards

Genes and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

explain the order from cells to genes

A

cell - nucleus - chromosones - dna - genes

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2
Q

why is DNA arranged into a double helix?

A

because it consists of 2 complementary strands twisting around eachother

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3
Q

what is the name of the 2 sides of the double helix and what is it made up of

A

sugar phosphate backbone
- made up of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

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4
Q

what do the nitrogenous bases attach to?

A

deoxyribose sugar

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5
Q

what do nucelotides consist of?

A

1 deoxribose sugar
1 phosphate
1 nitrogenous base

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6
Q

what is an allele?

A

a variant form of a gene

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7
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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8
Q

what 2 nitrogenous bases have a double ring

A

adenine and guanine

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9
Q

can a single ring base and another single ring base pair?

A

no, only a single ring and double ring base can pair

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10
Q

how do offspring inherit characteristics?

A

from their parents through their chromsones

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11
Q

what is inheritance?

A

the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next

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12
Q

what are the first 22 pairs of chromsones?

A

autosomes

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12
Q

what is the 23rd pair of chromosones

A

a sex chromosone

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13
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

a cell which contains only one set of chromosones

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14
Q

what is a diploid cell

A

a cell which contains two sets of chromosones

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15
Q

how many chromsones are inherited from each parent?

A

23 from mum and 23 from dad

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16
Q

explain the difference between autosomes and diploid cells

A

autosomes are the type of chromosone, whilst diploid celll describes how many chromosones are in the cell.

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17
Q

explain the difference between sex chromosones and haploid cells

A

sex chromosones describes the kind of chromosone it is
haploid describes how many chromosones are in the cell

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18
Q

if the cell is diploid it means the cell is a….

A

somatic cell

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19
Q

if the cell is haploid it means that the cell is….

A

a gamete

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20
Q

what are the 2 cell types

A

hapoid and diploid
(gamete and somatic)

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21
Q

what is a body cell?

A

a somatic cell

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22
Q

what is a sex cell?

A

a gamete

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23
Q

what determines the overall shape of the protein molecule?

A

the sequence of amino acids

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23
whats a codon?
a set of 3 nucleotides
24
what does a codon code for
1 amino acid
24
what happens if the sequence of amino acids is not correct?
the shape would be incorrect. which could lead to a non functional protein
25
what determines how the amino acid chain is folded?
the charactersitics of the amino acids, such as the shape or charge
26
what is the purpose of transcription?
to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA in the nucleus so it can travel outside of the nucleus for translation
26
what is the purpose of translation?
to create mRNA into a protein molecule
27
what is gene expression?
because the cell does not need every single 20,000 genes it contains it uses gene expression, which turns the gene "on" and "off" basesd on what kind of proteins it needs.
27
explain the stages of transcription
1. an RNA molecule comes in so the DNA unzips at the gene location 2. the RNA makes an mRNA strand by matching bases. 3. once the RNA molecule reaches the end it lets go 4. the new mRNA strand leaves the nucleus
28
explain the stages of translation
1. after leaving the nucleus the mRNA strand goes straight into the cytoplasm 2. the mRNA strand then attaches to a ribosome 3. the ribsome reads the mRNA code 3 bases at a time 4. each codon creates a specific amino acid 5. the ribosome makes it way all along the mRNA strand 6. the ribosome then links all of the amino acids togther in correct order now you have a happy polypetide chain which folds to make a protein
29
why do we need new cells?
- normal growth -repair - replacement of cells -maintain normal functions
30
what does mitosis do?
mitosis divides body cells (somatics cells) in two and ensures all new cells recieve identical genetic material
31
explain prophase (mitosis)
DNA condenses to form visible chromosones Nuclear membrane breaks down Spindle fibre begins to form
32
explain metaphase
Chromosones all line up in the equator of the cell Spindle fibre attachs to the centometre of each chromosone
33
explain anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers. they move to opposite ends of the cell.
34
explain telophase
chromatids reach the poles and start to unwind nuclear membranes begin to reform around each set of chromosomes the spindle fibers break down
35
explain cytokinsis
the cell membrane pinches in and divides the cell into two identical daughter cells.
36
what is meiosis?
when one diploid cell goes through 2 sets of division to create 4 non-identical daughter cells
37
list the phases of meiosis
interphase phase 1 prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1 cytokinesis 1 phase 2 prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 cytokinesis 2
38
explain what crossing over is and where it occurs
crossing over is where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity it happens in prophase 1
39
homologous chromosones
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, that have the same genes in the same relative positions.
40
what type of cell are the 2 cells after meiosis 1
haploid cells (gametes)
41
what occurs in interphase
the cell begin to grow and size whilst carrying out normal functions DNA then replicates
42
whats the difference between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
meiosis 1 seperates the homologous chromosones whilst meiosis 2 (and mitosis) seperates the sister chromatids
43
define dominant
a trait that is fully expressed when at least 1 copy is present
44
define recessive
trait only expressed when 2 copies are present. masked by dominant alleles
45
genotype
the actual genetic information
46
phenotype
the observable charcteristics and traits
47
what are sex linked traits carried on?
sex chromosones
48
what are most sex linked traits carried on? and why?
the X chromosone because it is longer and therefore carries more genes
49
define hemizygous
Hemizygous means having only one copy of a gene instead of the usual two. e.g. X and Y (because there is no other Y)
50
are males hemizygous for genes on the X chromosone
Yes because they only have 1 X chromosone
51
what are the 3 types of dominances?
complete dominance incomplete dominance co-dominance
52
complete dominance
one allele completely masks the other Rr
53
incomplete dominance
neither dominant allele or recessive allele is fully dominant - result is a blend RW
54
co - dominance
both alleles are shown equally - no blending RW e.g. red and white spotted flower
55
are carriers for X-linked alleles always females? why or why not
Yes they're always females because they have 2 X chromosone whilst males only have 1, so the male can't not give an X chromosone
56
karyogram
the picture of a karyotype a karyogram shows all of the chromsones in an organisms cell in homologous decreasing length
57
karyotype
The full set of chromosomes in a cell.
58
what are the 2 kinds of chromosonal variation
aneuploidy and polyploidy
59
whats an example of a sex linked genetic trait on the X chromosone?
red-green colour blindness
60
what is polyploidy
a conditon where the organism cells have 2 or more sets of homologous chromosones e.g. 96 chromsones
61
what is aneuploidy
a condition where a organisms loses or gains a single chromosone
62
what are the 2 subcategories of aneuploidy and define
trisomy and monosony trisomy- meaning that the organism has one extra chromosone monosomy- the organism has one less chromosone
63
whats an example of a trisomy condition
down syndrome- trisomy on 21
64
klinefelter syndrome
XXY - affects males trisomy
65
turner syndrome
X - affects females monosomy
66
somatic mutation
occurs only in somatic cells affects only a local area e.g. cancer
67
germline mutation
occurs only in gametes affects the whole body e.g. klinefelter or turner syndrome
68
point mutation
substitution of a nitrogenous base, which changes the DNA code. it can either be: silent nonsense missense
69
silent mutation
nitrogenous base changes but codes for the same amino acid
70
nonsense mutation
nitrogenous base changes and creates a premature stop codon usually results in a non-functional protein
71
missense mutation
nitrogenous base changes and codes for a different amino acid can mess up the order of amino acids which can result in the protein being non functional
72
frameshift mutation
either the addition or deletion of a nitrogenous base, which changes every amino acid after the mutation point usually results in a non-functional protein or a premature stop codon
73
writing a chromsonal abmorality
down syndrome in a male 47, XY +21
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Biology Year 10 (1 decks)

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