Genes + Epigenetics

Question 1

nutrigenomics is …

Answer 1

the study of how nutrition influences gene expression (on/off)

what you eat influence how your genes behave

Question 2

nutrigenomics cause a change in … without a change in …

Answer 2

change in phenotype without a change in genotype

Question 3

nutrigenetics is …

Answer 3

the study of how genetic differences arise from polymorphisms modifies dietary effects

genes influence how your body reacts to food

Question 4

DNA to RNA is … RNA to protein is …

Answer 4

transcription
translation

Question 5

a snp is …

Answer 5

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 6

what is the name if the gene that regulates lipid metabolism

Answer 6

SREBP-1c

Question 7

ApoE4 allele + what results in higher LDL levels

Answer 7

high fat diet

Question 8

what is the name of the hormone that inhibits muscle protein synthesis

Answer 8

myostatin

Question 9

what does Prader Willi syndrome (PWS) cause?

Answer 9

hypothalamic dysfunction - growth hormone/hunger satiety
short stature + lower lean mass + hyperphagia

Question 10

T or F: genetic polymorphisms CAN be changed

Answer 10

false, they are passed down w/ reproduction

Question 11

_____ occur without a change in base pairs

Answer 11

epigenetics

Question 12

epigenetics is …

Answer 12

changes in gene expression/phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in underlying DNA
AKA Metabolic Programming

Question 13

non-genetic factors that cause an organisms genes to be expressed differently is …

Answer 13

epigenetics

Question 14

what are examples of epigenetic modifications

Answer 14

DNA methylation, chromatin modifications (methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation)

Question 15

DNA methylation + … = epigenetic code

Answer 15

histone modifications

Question 16

what determines what genes are expressed

Answer 16

epigenetic code

Question 17

…. factors cause an epigenetic change over a long period of time

Answer 17

environmental

Question 18

changes in phenotype can cause …

Answer 18

changes in physical shape, disease susceptibility, stress response, behaviour, longevity

Question 19

twin begin with the same … + … but over time … can change due to life events/environment

Answer 19

genome + epigenome

epigenome

Question 20

what is the Barker hypothesis

Answer 20

environmental encountered during fetal life/infancy appears to be strongly related to chronic disease in adult life

Question 21

stimulus/insult during a critical development window results in permanent responses that produce long-term changes in structure/function is known as the …

Answer 21

developmental origins of Disease Hypothesis

Question 22

… is associated with increased risk of chronic disease

Answer 22

intra-uterine growth

Question 23

what is epigenetic programming

Question 24

what is fetal programming

Question 25

... + ... + ... + ... are nutrients involved in methyl-group metabolism & deficiency/supplementation in the can ...

Answer 25

choline + methionine + B12 + folate can alter DNA/histone methylation

Question 26

.... deficiencies are associated with irreversible changes in brain structure/function

Answer 26

choline

Question 27

... famine was associated with changes in DNA methylation in genes related to growth

Answer 27

Dutch

Question 28

low ... ... diet is associated with changes in offspring including ...

Answer 28

low protein maternal diet - pancreatic islet cells, GLUT 4 expression, adipose/heart tissue, leptin regulation

Question 29

thrifty adaptation is... beneficial when ... not beneficial when ...

Answer 29

is a result of fetal nutrients restriction, cause slower growth/small baby - beneficial when postnatal environment is nutrient poor = survival advantage - not beneficial when postnatal environment in nutrient rich = obesity/metabolic syndrome

Question 30

T or F: fathers diet doesn't impact offspring health

Answer 30

false

Question 31

challenges if epigenetic research include: - extent of ... - amount of ... - relative contribution of ...

Answer 31

- extent of modifications may differ depending on species/sex/genotype/exposure length and timing - amount of epigenetic modification is transmitted across multiple generations - relative contribution of epigenome/genome in chronic disease risk