Genes & Health Flashcards
What are the Symptoms of Cystic fibrosis?
Very salty-tasting skin.
Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm.
Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis.
Wheezing or shortness of breath.
Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite.
Possible treatments of cystic fibrosis?
antibiotics to prevent and treat chest infections.
medicines to make the mucus in the lungs thinner and easier to cough up.
medicines to widen the airways and reduce inflammation.
special techniques and devices to help clear mucus from the lungs.
medicines that help the person absorb food better.
Effects for cystic fibrosis
CF causes thick mucus that clogs certain organs, such as the lungs, pancreas, and intestines. This may cause malnutrition, poor growth, frequent respiratory infections, breathing problems, and chronic lung disease.
What is a gene and what is a gene mutation
Genes are sections of DNA nucleotides located on chromosomes that contain the instructions for production of a specific protein.
A change in the DNA nucleotides in the gene so either no protein or an incorrect protein is made.
Identify the parts of the respiratory that provide the following features:
• Large surface area
• Very thin permeable membrane, for a short diffusion
pathway
• Maintaining diffusion gradients
LSA= alveoli & capillaries
Maintaining diffusion = blood flow & gasses
Short diffusion distance = alveoli epithelial& capillary endothelium .
There are three layers between the blood and the air in the alveoli: the capillary wall, a layer of extracellular matrix and the alveolar wall. This is called the blood-gas barrier.
Explain how the blood-gas barrier of the chicken is adapted to give more efficient gas exchange than the blood-gas barrier of the dog. (3)
• Thinner blood-gas barrier
• Because of thinner alveoli walls/capillary walls
• Therefor a reduced diffusion distance
• Faster rate of diffusion/gas exchange
Emphysema is another lung disease associated with cigarette smoking. One symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath. This is due to the damage to the alveoli and destruction of capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Use your knowledge of the structure of the lung and its adaptations for gas exchange to explain why a person with emphysema has problems with gas exchange.
-reduced diffusion of gases
-due to decrease in surface area of alveoli / gas exchange surface
-and capillaries due to the destruction
-less blood flow and therefore less o2 being carried
-meaning lower concentration gradient.
What is fick’s law ?
Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration gradient) / diffusion distance
Fick’s law can be used to calculate the rate of diffusion across gas exchange surfaces. Use fick’s law to explain the adaptations of mammalian gas exchange surfaces
Rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area - alveoli have large surface area so rate of diffusion increases.
Rate of diffusion is proportional to difference in concentration blood flow maintains a difference in gas concentrations.
Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to diffusion distance. Walls of alveoli and capillaries are one cell thick
Diffusion distance is reduced due to flattened cells forming alveoli and capillary walls.
State 3 things needed for efficient diffusion of gases across the gas exchange surface
- short dif pathway
- large SA
- steep conc gradient
What provides the large SA in the GE system
Alveoli + capillaries
What maintains a steep conc gradient in GE system?
Blood circulation + breathing
What provides short dif pathway in GE system?
Alveoli + capillary walls = 1 cell thick
Define breathing and respiration
Respiration = the process, which occurs in mitochondria , that releases energy stored in organic molecules( food) such as glucose. energy released during respiration is used to synthesise molecules of ATP, which can be used as an immediate source of energy.
Breathing = the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
Draw and Label an amino acid into the 3 groups
Carboxyl group = COOH
amine group = NH2
Variable group = R
+ oxygen
What is the reaction that causes 2 amino acids to join and what to they create. Draw and name the product of the reaction
Use notes to mark drawing .
Condensation reaction
Dipeptide + water