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Mod 6 - Genetic change > Genetic Change > Flashcards

Genetic Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation relates to different forms of genes within a population

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2
Q

Examples of genetic variable

A

Small and tall gene for height

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2
Q

What does genetic variability refer to?

A

All different possible alleles for characteristics within a population

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2
Q

What cause genetic variation?

A

Meiosis, Fertilisation and Mutation cause genetic variation

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3
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process of having sex cell which is caused by 3 factors during meiosis which includes crossing over, random segretation and independent assortment

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4
Q

What is Fertilisation?

A

2 haploid cell fuse to form a diploid zygote with 50% of genetic material from the mother and 50% from father

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5
Q

What does variation arises

A

Genetic materials from different parents are combined and also the unique genetic material in spem and egg

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6
Q

What is mutation?

A

The change in DNA sequences in a cell, it arise due to the mistake being made during DNA replication or brought by environment factor

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7
Q

What did Gregor Mendel predict?

A

The ratio and patterns of inheritane and develop law on genetic inheritance

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8
Q

What is mendel 1st law of dominance and segregation?

A

The characteristic of an organism is determined by factors (genes) that occur in pairs, only one member of a pair of factors can be represented in any gamete due to segregation

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9
Q

What is Mendel 2nd law of independent assortment?

A

When individuals with 2 or more pairs of unrelated, contrsting characteristics are crossed, the different pairs of factors separate out independently of each other

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10
Q

What does the 2nd law assumes?

A

The genes are located on different chromosomes. The further apart genes are, the greater the probability that they will be separated by crossing over

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11
Q

What is sex determination

A

It determined by the way sex segregate during meiosis and then recombine during fertilisation

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12
Q

What is female gametes?

A

In the ovaries and have 22 autosomes + 1X chromosome

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13
Q
A

Half male sperms during meiosis have Y sex while other have has X chromosome

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14
Q
A

Sperm determine whether the offspring is male or female

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14
Q

What is in the male sperm?

A

22 autosomal + Y chromosome

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15
Q

What is in female sperm?

A

22 autosomal + X chromosome

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15
Q

What is punnett squares?

A

A model used to represent inheritance patterns and can be used to predict possible outcome when individuals is cross breed

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16
Q

What is pedigree Charts

A
  • Across generations
  • At least 3 generations are needed
  • Used to study inheritance of a particular trait and make predicatio about future offspring
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17
Q

Types of inhertiance

A
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Sex linked
  • Incomplete domainance
  • Co-dominance
  • Determined by multiple alleles
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18
Q

Autosomal Recessive - Pedigree charts

A
  • Only expressed when individual has 2 copies of the recessive allele
  • trait will skip generation
  • Parents of individual with recessive must be both be heterozygous OR one be homozygous recessive and the other heterozygous
  • Gene can be passed on to both male and female equally
  • The affected individual must carry at least ONE of the affect alleles
  • Trait can be passed on both maes and females equally
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19
Q

Autosomal (Punnet squares)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Results for autosomal recessive trait to follow typical Mendel ratios
  • heterozygous offspring will be carriers and only homozygous for the recessive trait will express the disease
  • Both heterozygous and homozygous recessive genotypes will express the trait
20
Q

What is codominance?

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A

Both alleles behave as dominant alleles, with both forms of the gene being expressed to create new phenotype

21
What is gene
A section of DNA that contains the information to encode for a particular trait
21
Example of codominance
Homozygous white cow x with homozygous red bull = roan calf with both red adn white patches
22
What is chromosome
The package DNA is arranged into inside the nucleus. The chromosomes carry the DNA
22
What is allele
A form of gene that you inherit one allele from your father and one from mother for every gene
23
What is genotype?
The genetic combination of alleles for each gene
23
What is diploid?
Those body cells that contain the full set of DNA
24
What is haploid?
Gamete or sex cells that contain half the genetic material
25
What is phenotype?
The expression of the genes or sum of the gene products
26
What is homologous chromosomes?
Similar chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait
27
What sister chromatids?
When a chromosome undergoes DNA replication for meiosis
28
What is homozygous?
A particular gene tha has identical alleles on both homologous chromosome
29
What is heterozygous?
A particular genes contains different alleles on homologous chromosomes
30
What is recessive?
The allel that is masked or hidden by the presence of a dominant allele and only expressed when person inherits both recessive alleles from their parents
31
What is dominant?
The allele that is expressed is teh domiinant allele. THe dominant allele mask the recessive allele in herozygous genes
32
What does multiple alleles?
One gene has 3 or more allels present in the population (ABO blood group system has 3 alleles = A,B and O)
33
What is human blood types are determined by?
Genes that follow the CODOINANCE patterns of inheritance, there are 2 dominant alleles and one recessive
34
What is sex linked inheritance?
The inheritance of genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes
35
Who has the smaller chromosome?
Y chromosome is smaller than X chromosome
36
What happens if a gene for a condition is carried on the X chromosome?
Male will express higher rate as female will have no corresponding allele on their Y chromosome
37
What happens if gene is carried on the X chromosome and is recessive?
Females will only express the disease if inherits 2 chromosome, however it can be passed on
38
What happens if gene is carried on the X chromosome and is dominant?
Females will only need to inherit one X chromosome with teh affected allele to express the disease
39
What happens if X chromosome trait is dominant or recessive
Males only need to inherit the one affected X chromosome to express the disease
40
In Punnet Square what does it predict?
Sex linkef inheritance always show the chromosome the trait is on by using the symbol X or Y
40
What does sex linked pedigree chart include?
Sex linked recessive and dominant
40
Sex linked recessive features
- traits are more common in male - Females may not express the disease but could be carriers - Trait is never passed from father to son becase carriers the allel on his X chromosome but always passes his Y chromosome on to any son
41
Sex linked dominant features
- trait affects both males and females equally and doesn't skip generations - All affected males and have an affected mother - All affected females have an affected father or mother - All female progeny of an affected male is affected
42
Autosomal recessive features
- individual recieve TWO copies of affected allele - Two unaffected parents can be carriers and have an affected child - Affects males and females equally
42
Features in Autosomal dominant
- Individual can be homozygous dominant or heterozygous - Trait doesn't skip a generation - One of the parents of all affected children must have the disease - Affects males and females equally
43
Features in Sex linked recessive
- Affects males more than females - Females may not express the disease but could be carriers having affect sons - Never passed from father to son becuase a father carriers the allele on his X chromosome but always passes his Y chromosome on to any sons
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Mod 6 - Genetic change (1 decks)

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