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STS > Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Genetic Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

can alter the DNA code of living organism

A

Genetic Engineering

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2
Q

breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits

A

selective breeding

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3
Q

is a process in which recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology is used to introduce desirable traits into organisms.

A

Genetic engineering

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4
Q

The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism.

A

Recombinant DNA

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5
Q

Recombinant Bacteria procedure

A
  1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid).
  2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with
    “restriction enzymes”.
  3. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”.
  4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria.
  5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria.
  6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.
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6
Q

Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria

A
  1. Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.
  2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
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7
Q

(a.k.a. restriction endonucleases)
Cut DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

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8
Q

Joins DNA strands together

A

Ligase

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9
Q

Circular bacterial DNA

A

Plasmid DNA

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10
Q

Has helped develop biotechnology and genetic engineering

A

bacteria

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11
Q

Also include smaller loops of independent DNA

A

plasmids

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12
Q
  • Extra-chromosomal DNA
  • Small freewheeling circles of DNA/genetic material
  • Can readily pass from one cell to another
  • Can be used to transfer genes between species
A

plasmids

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13
Q

Process of genetic material transfer in bacteria. DNA is released by bacteria into the surroundings (medium) and then taken up and incorporated into the DNA by another/nearby bacteria

A

transformation

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14
Q

One of the basic principles of genetic engineering

A

Transformation

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15
Q
  • occupy borderline between living and non living
  • DNA or RNA housed in protective protein coats
  • Contain genetic information to make copies of themselves
  • Lack biochemical machinery to carry out own replication
A

Viruses

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16
Q
  • viruses that infect bacteria
  • Settle on bacterial host and inject their DNA into cells
  • Information encoded in viral DNA dictate bacterial cell to make new virus parts (DNA and protein)
  • Result in newly constructed viruses
A

Bacteriophages (phages)

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17
Q

A virus uses a bacterial cell to replicate its genes

A

Bacteriophages (phages) virus

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18
Q

Viruses can be thought of as the first genetic engineers. Can modify cells of other species to carry out their own genetic instructions

A

Viruses and gene transfer

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19
Q
  • DNA that has been created artificially
  • from two or more sources incorporated into a single molecule
  • 1st requirement: small DNA fragments
  • DNA snippers ( restriction endonucleases, REs)
A

Recombinant DNA

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20
Q
  • restriction enzymes
  • Snips DNA molecules at particular sequence of nucleotides
  • Different enzymes recognize and cut different sequences
  • Can produce standard DNA fragment with known sequence at cut ends
A

Restriction endonucleases

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21
Q
  • Any 2 DNA cut by the same restriction enzyme can be joined together
  • Complementary sequences on sticky ends (tails)
  • Binding is weak – can be broken by heat
  • Connection made more secure with Ligase
A

Recombinant DNA: cut and paste

22
Q
  • Recombinant DNA can be introduced into host cell
  • rDNA usually contain gene not
    found in host cell
  • Introduction of rDNA modifies host cell in some way

Example: introduce gene producing antiviral protein into bacteria

Challenge: get rDNA into host cells without disrupting normal function

A

Putting new genes into cells

23
Q

A gene for human interferon is spliced into a plasmid, introduced into a bacterial cell, then cloned

A

Production of human interferon from bacteria

24
Q

A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.

A

Entire organisms can be cloned.

25
Q
  • bacteria (binary fission)
  • some plants (from roots)
  • some simple animals (budding, regeneration)
A

Cloning occurs in nature.

26
Q

Mammals can be cloned through a process called

  • nucleus is removed from an egg cell
  • nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg
A

nuclear transfer

27
Q

Cloning has potential benefits.

A
  • organs for transplant into humans
  • save endangered species
28
Q
  • low success rate
  • clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal
  • decreased biodiversity
A

Cloning raises concerns.

29
Q

identical genetic copy of either a piece of DNA, a cell, or a whole organism

A

Clones

30
Q

young cells from a root tip can each be encourage to form a new plant.

A

Cloning from plant cells

31
Q
  • plasmids most commonly used in recombinant DNA technology replicate in E. coli
  • engineered to optimize their use as vectors in DNA cloning
  • contain little more than the essential nucleotide sequences required for their use in DNA cloning
A

Cloning DNA

32
Q

MCS

A

multiple cloning site

33
Q

ORI

A

Origin of replication

34
Q

The DNA of plants and animals can also be altered.

A

Truthfulness

35
Q

How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant

A
  1. Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene.
  2. Allow the bacteria to “infect” the plant cells.
  3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes.
36
Q

Genetically modified organisms are called

A

transgenic organisms

37
Q

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

A

Mice – used to study human immune system

Chickens – more resistant to infections

Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat

Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

38
Q

for gene silencing

A

RNAi

39
Q

Surfer-Scientist

A

Kary Mullis

40
Q

allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR

41
Q
  1. Heat the DNA so it “unzips”.
  2. Add the complementary nitrogenous bases.
  3. Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip” together.
A

PCR process

42
Q

This technology allows scientists to identify someone’s DNA!

A

Gel Electrophoresis

43
Q
  1. “Cut” DNA sample with
    restriction enzymes.
  2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel.
  3. Bands will form in the gel.
  4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person.
  5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”.
A

Steps Involved in Gel Electrophoresis

44
Q

Refers to determining the order of nucleotide (G, A, T, and C) in a stretch of DNA

A

DNA Sequencing

45
Q

structure of DNA

A

Watson and crick (1953)

46
Q

Dideoxy Sequencing

A

Sanger (1977)

47
Q

Human Genome project in private sector

A

1998

48
Q

Human Genome project in public sector

A

1990

49
Q

next generation sequencing

A

2004

50
Q

Components for the chain termination method

A
  • DNA fragment for sequencing
  • Primers
    -dNTPs
    -ddNTPs
51
Q
  • DNA molecules are prepared for sequencing in cell-free reactions, without cloning in microbial hosts.
  • Millions of individual DNA fragments are isolated and sequenced in parallel during each machine run
  • Easy detection of sequencing products
A

Next Generation Sequencing
- NGS Platforms

STS (3 decks)

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