Genetic Engineering

Question 1

the process by which pieces of DNA or RNA are transferred from one organism to another through artificial manipulation or alteration of genes

Answer 1

Genetically Modified Organism

Question 2

THREE EXAMPLES OF GMO

Answer 2

• Traditional Crossbreeding
• Mutagenesis
• Gene Editing

Question 3

among filipinos which leads to night blindness and weakened immunity; world wide issue

Answer 3

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) - THE PROBLEM

Question 4

developed by philippines department of agriculture-philippine rice research institute (DA-PhilRice) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and have been development for 20 years

Answer 4

Golden Rice (A GMO)

Question 5

IRRI - a single cup can deliver about half of the estimated average requirement (EAR) of Vitamin A

Answer 5

Golden Rice (A GMO)

Question 6

July 2021 - the ph government issued a biosafety permit, officially declaring _____ as safe as ordinary rice. Reviewed for use: US, Canada, Australia, Bangladesh, New Zealand

Answer 6

Golden Rice (A GMO)

Question 7

is a type of genetically altered organism that has a gene in its - genome—a transgene—from another organism.

Answer 7

A transgenic organism

Question 8

is introduced into the organism, either naturally or by genetic engineering, and is responsible for an altered genotype (genetic) and phenotype (physical).

Answer 8

transgene

Question 9

from maize (Zea mays), expression of beta carotene

Answer 9

ZmPSY1

Question 10

from the Pantoea ananatis bacterium, accelerates the creation of the precursor to beta carotene

Answer 10

CRTI

Question 11

from the Escherichia coli bacterium, ensures that the synthesized growth medium is broken down by the organism

Answer 11

PMI

Question 12

is the laboratory techniques for isolating purifying, sequencing, analyzing, and manipulating DNA sequences

Answer 12

DNA TECHNOLOGY

Question 13

is the use of DNA technology to modify the genome (all genetic information) of a cell or organism in a targeted way to alter its phenotype (physical characteristics)

Answer 13

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Question 14

use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose

Answer 14

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Question 15

or restriction endonucleases are a type of protein that can cut DNA at specific locations called restriction sites

Answer 15

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Question 16

is naturally occurring in bacteria to defend against infecting viruses by cutting the DNA. This creates DNA fragments

Answer 16

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Question 17

Different types of REs are used to _______ DNA of the donor organism to isolate the target gene

Answer 17

cut off

Question 18

is essentially artificial DNA replication. Through this technique, a large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence (like a gene) is produced

Answer 18

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Question 19

is used for DNA amplification (creating copies of DNA fragment) and for gene cloning

Answer 19

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Question 20

HOW IS GOLDEN RICE DEVELOPED

Answer 20

1. gene identification, isolation, and extraction
2. the genes are inserted into a bacterial plasmid (circular dna) these are edited within a species called Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3. the recombinant Agrobacterium, capable of gene transfer, is then used to infect rice embryos

Question 21

corn engineered to contain spores of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kills insect pest but does not harm humans

Answer 21

PEST RESISTANCE, TRANGENIC BT CORN

Question 22

PEST RESISTANCE, TRANGENIC BT CORN (STEPS)

Answer 22

1. corn plant destroyed by butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
2. bacterial gene coding for Bt crystals, which are poisonous to the caterpillars, is inserted directly into the corn plant’s DNA
3. Bt crystals within corn cells prevent insect predation, so pesticides are no longer needed

Question 23

MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN USING GMO

Answer 23

transgenic bacteria which contains the human INS gene, for insulin production, are cultured in large fermentation tanks. The insulin is harvested from the transgenic bacteria and then purified for our medical needs

Question 24

OTHER GMO PRODUCTS APPROVED IN THE PHILIPPINES

Answer 24

• alfafa
• argentine canola
• cotton
• maize corn
• potato

Question 25

GMO ETHICAL CONCERNS

Answer 25

1. Is it truly necessary? 2. potential allergies (health) 3. antibiotic resistance 4. spreading of GMO genes with natural organisms through crossbreeding 5. unknown effect on biodiversity 6. may spread unwanted pesticide or herbicide resistance 7. possible socio-economic effects due to the cost of GMOs

Question 26

is a programmable RNA-guided genome engineering tool that can make specific changes to DNA sequences, like genes

Answer 26

CRISPR-CAs9 system

Question 27

it is derived from prokaryotic immune system. The unique sequences were “captured” from previous encounters with bacteriophages and plasmids and represent a molecular memory of the invading DNAs

Answer 27

CRISPR (CLUSTERS OF REGULARLY INTERSPERSED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS)

Question 28

HOW DOES CRISPR WORK IN BACTERIA?

Answer 28

1. virus invades bacteria cell 2. new spacer is derived from virus and integrated into CRISPR sequence 3. CRISPR RNA is formed 4. CRISPR RNA guides molecular machinery to target and destroy viral genome

Question 29

HOW DOES CRISPR WORK IN GENETIC ENGINEERING?

Answer 29

- the cas9 protein and the designed segment guide (sg) RNA is inserted into the cell - the sgRNA designed to match the DNA region of interest directs molecular machinery to cut both strands of the targeted DNA - the cas9 cleaves the two strands of DNA

Question 30

deactivation of the gene through nonhomologous repair

Answer 30

Gene Silencing

Question 31

insertion of a new gene sequence through homologous directed repair

Answer 31

Gene Editing

Question 32

CRIPR APPLICATIONS IN BOTH BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

Answer 32

- correcting gene mutations (such as for gene therapy research) - creating specific mutations - knocking out genes - inserting genes - engineering animals for use in human organ transplants - engineering crops and livestock to improve yields and disease resistance - developing animal models of human genetic diseases

Question 33

this is a DNA technique that produces an extremely large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence without having to clone the sequence in a host organism

Answer 33

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Question 34

are short single-stranded DNA designed to isolate the sequence of interest

Answer 34

Primers

Question 35

the DNA is heated to ‘unzip’ or separate the two DNA strand

Answer 35

Denaturation

Question 36

the DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind to the target DNA region

Answer 36

Annealing

Question 37

an enzyme called Taq polymerase extends the bonded primer to make new complementary copies of the two template strands

Answer 37

Extension