Genetic Engineering

Question 0

What is hybridization?

Answer 0

Choosing organisms with different traits.

Question 1

Why would someone use selective breeding?

Answer 1

It would allow them to get a desired result in an offspring.

Question 2

Why would you want a hybrid animal?

Answer 2

They are normally stronger and bigger than the parents.

Question 3

What is inbreeding?

Answer 3

Choosing individuals with similar traits to maintain desired characteristics.

Question 4

What are the risks of inbreeding?

Answer 4

The offspring have a greater chance of recessive genetic disorders.

Question 5

What does cull mean?

Answer 5

Removing something from the population.

Question 6

What is biotechnology?

Answer 6

The application of technological processes to a living organism.

Question 7

What is a gene pool?

Answer 7

All of the traits in a population.

Question 8

How do breeders manipulate DNA to get a desired trait not in a gene pool?

Answer 8

They induce mutations by using chemicals and radiation.

Question 9

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 9

Making changes in DNA.

Question 10

What is transformation?

Answer 10

A process by which a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.

Question 11

What are plasmids?

Answer 11

Small circular DNA molecules in some bacteria.

Question 12

True or false

Taking plasmids out of bacteria harm them.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

True or false

The plasmid is replicated along with the rest of the bacteria’s DNA.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What is a genetic marker?

Answer 14

A gene that makes it easy to distinguish a chromosome.

Question 15

How do scientists cut DNA?

Answer 15

With restriction enzymes.

Question 16

True or false

There’s only one type of restriction enzyme.

Answer 16

False, there are hundreds of different types of restriction enzymes and each one cuts at a specific nucleotide sequence.

Question 17

What are blunt ends?

Answer 17

DNA cut straight down.

Question 18

What are sticky ends?

Answer 18

DNA cut crooked.

Question 19

What are the steps in making insulin?

Answer 19

1. Isolate plasmid DNA and human DNA.
2. Cut both DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme.
3. Mix the DNAs
4. The plasmid is put back into the DNA with a mechanical vector.
5. Allow the bacteria to reproduce.
6. Harvest the insulin the bacteria produced.

Question 20

What are two types of vectors?

Answer 20

• micropipette

* gene gun

Question 21

What is a transgenic organism?

Answer 21

An organism contains genes from other species.

Question 22

What is another thing produced in a very similar way to insulin?

Answer 22

The human growth hormone

Question 23

What is a polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 23

A process used to make copies of DNA samples.

Question 24

What is a thermocycler?

Answer 24

A machine that provides heat needed to separate DNA strands

Question 25

What are primers?

Answer 25

Small segments of DNA that bind a sample.

Question 26

What are the steps in a polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 26

* use a thermocycler to separate DNA strands. * add primers to the sample * add DNA polymerase * let DNA polymerase copy the DNA and make millions of copies

Question 27

Who invented the polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 27

Kary Mullis

Question 28

Where did Kary Mullis get DNA polymerase that could resist high temperatures?

Answer 28

From bacteria at the Hot Springs of Yellowstone National Park inside

Question 29

What is gel electrophoresis?

Answer 29

A process used to separate DNA fragments.

Question 30

Describe the process of gel electrophoresis.

Answer 30

* Place DNA into the wells on a gel plate * An electric current is applied and the negative fragments migrate towards the positive pole * smaller fragments will travel faster and farther and lineup smallest to largest

Question 31

What is DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 31

Analyzing sections of DNA that have little or no function but that do very widely from one individual to another.

Question 32

What is the process of DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 32

* DNA is cut with restriction enzymes * They are run through the gel * DNA probes are used to identify specific sequences * The southern plotting technique is used

Question 33

What is the southern blotting technique?

Answer 33

When you put your probes on a filtered sheet and you can see specific groups of DNA.

Question 34

What is the product of the southern blotting technique?

Answer 34

A pattern of bands that can be distinguished as belonging to a specific individual.

Question 35

What are two uses for DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 35

* paternity testing | * forensics

Question 36

What do scientists add to the DNA when they're sequencing it?

Answer 36

The normal bases along with special bases with chemical bases attached.

Question 37

What do the dye-labeled bases do?

Answer 37

They terminate replication

Question 38

What does sequencing DNA result in?

Answer 38

DNA fragments of various sizes.

Question 39

What is DNA MicroArray used for?

Answer 39

Studying thousands of genes at once to compare their activity levels.

Question 40

What color is a normal cell on a DNA MicroArray?

Answer 40

Green

Question 41

What color is a cancer cell on a DNA MicroArray?

Answer 41

Red

Question 42

What color is "both cells" on a DNA Microarray?

Answer 42

Yellow

Question 43

During DNA microarray, what is removed from both types of cells and copies into single strands of DNA containing fluorescent labels?

Answer 43

mRNA

Question 44

Why take the mRNA out during DNA MicroArray?

Answer 44

It copies and helps make proteins and DNA.

Question 45

What are two other names for transgenic animals?

Answer 45

GM animals or GMO

Question 46

What is PCR?

Answer 46

Polymerase chain reaction

Question 47

What are the requirements of PCR?

Answer 47

A thermocycler, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

Question 48

List two transgenic animals and the possible benefits of them.

Answer 48

* GM mice- have an immune system like humans. | * GM cows- Produce meat faster and leaner than normal cows.

Question 49

List two GM foods and their benefits.

Answer 49

* GM rice - contains vitamin A | * GM corn - produces natural insecticides

Question 50

What are some pros and cons of transgenic organisms?

Answer 50

* Pros- they grow quicker, produce more meat/fruit/vegetables, are insect resistant, and produce bigger fruits/ vegetables. * Cons- haven't been widely tested and could pose a threat to humans

Question 51

Describe how Dolly the sheep was created.

Answer 51

* Nucleus from egg is removed and a nucleus from a body cell is added. * The egg is placed in a surrogate.

Question 52

What are some pros and cons of cloning?

Answer 52

* Pros- you could save endangered animals, and you can make exact copies of organisms. * Cons- they die quicker, have more genetic problems, and are not very genetically diverse.

Question 53

What are the two goals of the human genome project?

Answer 53

* sequence all 3 billion pairs of human DNA | * Identify all human genes

Question 54

What is gene therapy?

Answer 54

Changing genes that cause genetic disorders, and making them normal.

Question 55

What is the vector most often used in gene therapy?

Answer 55

A Virus

Question 56

What disorders has gene therapy had some success with?

Answer 56

Cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.