genetic fingerprinting

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

all genetic material in an organism

Question 2

what does this technique rely upon the principles of

Answer 2

the idea that most of eukaryotic genome is repetative and non-coding

Question 3

whatre these non-coding dna bases known as

Answer 3

VNTRs

Question 4

what is special about VNTR’s that makes them used for genetic fingerprinting

Answer 4

they are unique to each person as repeated sequnce and number of time aswell as location of genome is different for each individual

Question 5

define genetic fingerprinting

Answer 5

the number of times a sequence is repeated at different places in their genome compared between individuals

Question 5

what are the 5 stages of genetic fingerprinting

Answer 5

extraction
digestion
separation
hybridization
development

Question 6

describe the first stage og genetic fingerprinting

Answer 6

extraction- sample of DNA is obtained by separating it from the rest of the cell- e.g separating DNA from blood

Question 7

describe the second stage of genetic fingerprinting

Answer 7

digestion- dna cut into fragments using restriction endonuclease at the recognition site and then pcr is used to make many copies of the areas of dna that contain VNTR’s

Question 8

describe the third stage of genetic fingerprinting

Answer 8

hybridisation- a flourescen tag hybridised to each dna fragment

Question 9

describe the fourth stage of genetic fingerprinting

Answer 9

seperation- dna fragments undergo electrophoresis- wich is where dna mixture is placed in a well slab of gel and covered in buffer solution that conducts electricity
electrical current passed through gel
DNA fragments negatively charged = move towards positive electrode
small dna fragments move faster and travel further

Question 10

describe the fith stage of genetic fingerprinting

Answer 10

development- dna fragments viewed as bands under uv light - this is genetic finger print

Question 11

what are the three things genetic fingerprinting be used for

Answer 11

determine relationships
variability
forensic science

Question 12

how can genetic fingerprinting be used to determine genetic relationships

Answer 12

we inheret VNTR bases from both of our parents roughly half from each parent. the more bands on genetic fingerprint the more closely related

Question 13

how can genetic fingerprinting be used to determine variability

Answer 13

the greater the number of bands that dont match the genetic fingerprint the more genetically different people are. compare number of repeats at several places in genomefor population to find out how genetically varied they are

Question 14

how can genetic finger printing be used in forensic science

Answer 14

dna collected at crime scenes
dna iscolated and replicated using PCR
run on electrophoresis gel if links match person at crime scene

Question 15

Q1.Explain why it is often necessary to use the
polymerase chain reaction when producing a genetic
fingerprint.

Answer 15

becuase the specemin section of dna e.g hair is so small it needs to be repliacted via pcr

Question 16

Q2.

Answer 16

a- supect b as their dna fingerprint is the closest match to that of the blood at the crime scene
b. to see if the blood from the crime scene was victims blood and not suspects

Question 17

Q3. Suggest how chemicals that affect the action of
restriction endonucleases can alter the genetic
fingerprint of a DNA sample

Answer 17

chemicals acting on restriction endonuclease can mean desired samples of dna are not required from the cell

Question 18

Q4. suggest how genetic fingerprint of someone with allele for