Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms

Question 1

Give three ways prokaryotic DNA differs from Eukaryotic DNA

Answer 1

Shorter
Not associated with proteins
circular

Question 2

What proteins are DNA molecules in eukaryotes associated with

Answer 2

Histone proteins

Question 3

Name two organelles of Eukaryotes which contain DNA

Answer 3

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Question 4

What two things do genes code for the production of

Answer 4

Amino acid sequence of a peptide

Functional RNA

Question 5

Name the term for the position on a chromosome that a specific gene occupies

Answer 5

locus

Question 6

What is meant by the term “Degenerate code”

Answer 6

several codons code for the same amino acid

Question 7

What are the no-coding sections of DNA called

Answer 7

Introns

Question 8

Name the four different bases in DNA

Answer 8

Gyannine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

Question 9

Which base is switched to Uracil in RNA

Answer 9

Thymine

Question 10

Define Genome

Answer 10

The complete set of genes in a cell

Question 11

Define Proteome

Answer 11

A full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

Question 12

Define Allele

Answer 12

An alternative form of a gene

Question 13

Two sister chromatids are joined at what

Answer 13

Centromere

Question 14

The section of three bases in tRNA which binds to the mRNA strand is called

Answer 14

Anticodon

Question 15

Give the three components of DNA

Answer 15

Deoxyribose 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate bacjbone
Nitrogen containing base

Question 16

What is the difference in RNA

Answer 16

Ribose 5 carbon sugar

Question 17

State the complementary base pairings in DNA and RNA

Answer 17

C-G, A-T. A-U in RNA

Question 18

In what process is pre-mRNA created

Answer 18

Transcription

Question 19

Which enzyme is involved in this process to join RNA nucleotides together

Answer 19

RNA Polymerase

Question 20

What is the DNA strand known as in this process

Answer 20

Template strand

Question 21

What happens to pre-mRNA before it leave the nuclear envelope

Answer 21

The introns are removed

Question 22

When mRNA is in the cytoplasm, which organelle does it attach to for the next stage of protein synthesis

Answer 22

Ribosome

Question 23

What bond forms between two amino acids in protein synthesis

Answer 23

Peptide bond

Question 24

What is the role of ATP in translation

Answer 24

Provides energy for bond to form between tRNA and the amino acid

Question 25

What is the role of tRNA in translation

Answer 25

Carries amino acids to the nucleotide. Lines them in correct order

Question 26

What is a gene mutation

Answer 26

A change in the DNA base sequence of chromosomes

Question 27

What difference often arises due to substitution mutations

Answer 27

A single different amino acid

Question 28

Why do some substitution mutations not affect the protein function at all

Answer 28

Degenerate DNA. Several codons can code for same amino acid

Question 29

In a deletion mutation, why is it unlikely that the polypeptide coded for will function correctly

Answer 29

Frame shift occurs

Question 30

What is the process called in which mutations in the number of chromosomes occurs

Answer 30

Chromosome non disjunction

Question 31

In sexual reproduction, what fuses to give rise to a new offspring

Answer 31

Gametes

Question 32

What is a diploid number of chromosomes

Answer 32

Number of chromosomes. A diploid is two copies of each (2n)

Question 33

How many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 33

46 (23 pairs)

Question 34

Define homologous chromosomes

Answer 34

Pairs of matching chromosomes

Question 35

In the first stage of meiosis, meiosis 1 what separates

Answer 35

The homologous pairs

Question 36

What then separates in meiosis 2

Answer 36

Sister chromatids

Question 37

name two processes which increase genetic variation int eh offspring which are a result of meiosis

Answer 37

Crossing over, independent segregation of chromosomes

Question 38

outline the process which occurs in meiosis 1 which increases genetic variation

Answer 38

Crossing over. The chromatids wrap around each other and swap bits of genetic. information. This means each chromatid has the same genes but a different combination of alleles

Question 39

How many haploid daughter cells are produced from one diploid parent cell

Answer 39

4

Question 40

Define genetic diversity

Answer 40

The number of different alleles in a species / population

Question 41

outline natural selection

Answer 41

Individuals with an allele that increases survival change are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. This leads to an increase of allele frequency of beneficial genes, which over time leads to evolution

Question 42

What causes bacteria to be resistant to antibiotics

Answer 42

Mutation in their DNA allows some bacteria to survive the use of antibiotics. This enables those bacteria to survive and reproduce, passing on the resistant alleles to their offspring

Question 43

What type of selection is exemplified by antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 43

Directional selection

Question 44

Why are human birth weights an example of stabilising selection

Answer 44

Babies at the extreme ends aren't able to survive

Question 45

Give an example of anatomical adaptation that can result from natural selection

Answer 45

Anatomical are physical features such as an animal's shape

Question 46

Give an example of Physiological adaptation that can result from natural selection

Answer 46

Include the ability to make venom but also more general functions such as temperature regulation

Question 47

Give an example of behavioural adaptation that can result from natural selection

Answer 47

behavioural adaptations can be inherited r learnt and include tool use, language and swarming behaviour

Question 48

Define species

Answer 48

a species is a group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 49

What parts of the classification system are used to name a species

Answer 49

Genus, Species

Question 50

Starting with Domain, list the hierarchy of classification

Answer 50

``` DKPCOFGS Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 51

Give two benefits to the species of courtship behaviour

Answer 51

Prevents mating with members of different species. Allows members of species to know when others are read to mate

Question 52

What is species richness a measure of

Answer 52

The number of different species in a community

Question 53

What does the index of diversity look at? How is it calculated

Answer 53

The number of species and the abundance of each species in a community N(N-1) d = ----------------------------------------- weird sharp E shape n(n-1) where d = diversity N= total number of organisms of all species n = total number of organisms of EACH species

Question 54

How do farming techniques effect biodiversity

Answer 54

Reduce

Question 55

Give three methods that can be done to help achieve a balance between food production and conservation

Answer 55

Plant hedges between fields instead of using fences. Leaving margins around fields for wild flowers to grow. Leave fields unplanted occasionally

Question 56

Name three ways in which it is possible to measure genetic diversity within or between species

Answer 56

Genome sequencing Comparing amino acid sequences Immunological comparisons

Question 57

What is the best way to eliminate sampling bias

Answer 57

Random sampling