genetic material

Question 1

what is gene expression

Answer 1

the flow of genetic information from genotype to phenotype

Question 2

what is the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

Answer 2

a single gene controlled the synthesis of a single enzyme

Question 3

what is the translation process synthesizing

Answer 3

a specific polypeptide by using the information encoded in mRNA on ribosomes

Question 4

what is the process of transcription

Answer 4

information encoded in DNA is made into complementary RNA

Question 5

segments of _______ transcribe into _______- molecules that can ________ proteins to produce _______. other segments of ______ are copied into ____ molecules called ___________ _____

Answer 5

DNA, RNA, mRNA, DNA, RNA, non-coding RNA

Question 6

most genes are ______ into mRNA, than the mRNA is _________ into polypeptide

Answer 6

transcribed, and translated

Question 7

what is the gene expression in prokaryotes

Answer 7

both transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm due to no nucleus

Question 8

what is the gene expression in eukaryotes

Answer 8

transcription occurs in nucleus, and translation occurs in ribosomes in rough er

Question 9

what 4 things are genes composed of

Answer 9

promoter, regulatory sequences, transcribed region, and terminator

Question 10

what is the function of gene

Answer 10

enables segments of DNA to be transcribed into RNA = formation of functional products

Question 11

what is a promoter

Answer 11

site in DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

Question 12

what are regulatory sequences

Answer 12

binds to regulatory proteins that control whether genes are turned on or off

Question 13

what is a transcribed region

Answer 13

region of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

Question 14

what is a terminator

Answer 14

sequence that causes RNA strand to release from transcription complex

Question 15

what is a gene

Answer 15

organized unit of DNA

Question 16

what are the characteristics of genetic material

Answer 16

-replication
-storage of information
-expression of that information
-variation by mutation

Question 17

what are the three essential components of nucleotides

Answer 17

-nitrogen base
-pentose
-phosphate group

Question 18

what are nucleosides composed of

Answer 18

nitrogen base and a ribose/deoxyribose sugar

Question 19

what do the polymerization of mononucleotides form

Answer 19

nucleic acid

Question 20

what form is DNA in

Answer 20

double-stranded helix

Question 21

what are the three types of RNA

Answer 21

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosome RNA

Question 22

what is messenger RNA

Answer 22

transcript of gene carries information (codon sequence) for synthesis of proteins

Question 23

what is a transfer RNA

Answer 23

functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up amino acid and recognizing appropriate codon in mRNA

Question 24

what is a ribosome RNA

Answer 24

together with proteins forms the structure ribosomes

Question 25

how is the genetic information coded in the DNA molecule

Answer 25

information must lie on linear sequence of nitrogenous bases

Question 26

how does the genetic material function

Answer 26

must be that DNA passes on information(transcription)

Question 27

what experiment confirmed DNA as genetic material

Answer 27

the hershey-chase experiment

Question 28

what is the hershey-chase experiment

Answer 28

used t2 that infects bacteria, infected bacteria with radioactive compounds, and and virus DNA entered host not proteins

Question 29

DNA structure

Answer 29

-molecule consists of two strands (antiparrellel) -backbone of strand is sugar phosphate linked end to end through phosphodiester bonds -nitrogenous base connect through h-bond -two strands are twisted

Question 30

what is the sugar molecule of RNA

Answer 30

ribose

Question 31

what are the nitrogen bases in RNA

Answer 31

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 32

what is the structure of RNA

Answer 32

single strand of polynucleotide that may fold upon itself

Question 33

what is DNA replication

Answer 33

DNA is duplicationed DNA-DNA

Question 34

what are the 3 possible mechanisms of DNA replication

Answer 34

-semiconservative mechanism -conservative mechanism -dispersive mechanisms

Question 35

what is semiconservative mechanism

Answer 35

DNA replication produces DNA molecules with one parental strand and 1 newly made strand

Question 36

what is conservative mechanism

Answer 36

DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands, and the other with 2 daughter strands

Question 37

what is dispersive mechanism

Answer 37

DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are with parental DNA

Question 38

what is the meselson and stahl experiment

Answer 38

showed that DNA replication is semi conservative

Question 39

what is the semi-conservation replication molecular processes

Answer 39

-untwisting of DNA moles (breaking h-bonds) -stands severes as template -DNA polymerase helps link free nucleotides to form new strand --nucleotides added at 3'-end -template(old) and complementary(new) are anitparellel -DNA pieces are linked by enzyme called DNA ligase

Question 40

DNA molecular processes with involvement of what major proteins

Answer 40

-replication fork -leading strand template -lagging strand template -leading strand lagging strand -topoisomerase -dna primase -single stranded binding protein -DNA clamp -okazaki fragment -DNA polymerase

Question 41

what is the enzyme helicase responsible for

Answer 41

unwinds DNA helix

Question 42

what is the enzyme primase responsible for

Answer 42

assembles RNA primers in 5'-3' direction to initiate new DNA strand

Question 43

what is the enzyme single-stranded binding protein responsible for

Answer 43

stabilize single stranded DNA and prevent the two strands at the replication fork from reforming

Question 44

what is DNA polermerase 3 responsible for

Answer 44

main replication enzyme in e-coli, extends that RNA primer by adding DNA nucleotides

Question 45

what is topoisomerase

Answer 45

avoid twisting of DNA ahead of replication fork

Question 46

what is DNA polymerase responsible for

Answer 46

removes RNA and replaces in with DNA nucleotides

Question 47

what is the responsibility of sliding clamp

Answer 47

tethers DNA polymerase3 to DNA template making replication more efficient

Question 48

what is the responsibility of DNA ligase

Answer 48

seals nick left between adjacent bases after RNA primers replaced with DNA

Question 49

what is the molecular process of transcription

Answer 49

-initiation of transcription requires transcription factors binding to promoter region -tf recruits RNA polymerase binding to promoter region -unwinding DNA -only one strand acts as template -transcription ends at termination site

Question 50

transcription stages

Answer 50

transcription initiation, transcription elongation, and transcription termination