[GENETIC THEORIES POLICIES] Biological Theories of Criminality

Question 1

Explain the three main crime control policies

Answer 1

1. Altering the Biochemical Processes
2. Eugenics
3. Capital Punishment

Question 2

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Explain the 3 biochemical processes

Answer 2

1. Diet
2. Drug treatments
3. Surgery

Question 3

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Explain Diet

Answer 3

Diet can be modified to change anti-social behaviour

Question 4

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Name 3 foods that contain serotonin

Answer 4

Fatty fish
Dark chocolate
dairy products

Question 5

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Name 3 foods that contain Omega 3

Answer 5

Flax seeds
walnuts
Chia seeds

Question 6

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Explain what E numbers are

Answer 6

Food colourings that is most likely linked to hyperactivity in children

Question 7

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Name 3 E numbers

Answer 7

Yellows
Reds
Oranges

Question 8

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
explain why vitamin B3 is useful for people taking antipsychotic drugs

Answer 8

Reduces symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 9

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Name a government policy and campaign that relates to diet

Answer 9

‘Sugar tax’ - in soft drinks and tackle childhood obesity
The Better Health campaign - making healthy life choices

Question 10

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Diet:
Explain
how effective the modification of diets as a crime prevention policy

Answer 10

Effective in changing attitudes
Might be effective to a small minority of people
People will only do it if they want to
Policies are more effective if it leads to a change in law

Question 11

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain drug treatments

Answer 11

Used in some cases to treat or control criminal or anti-social behaviour
They affect the body’s biochemical process

Question 12

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain what drugs can lead to criminality and how they can be treated

Answer 12

Alcohol abuse (can trigger violent behaviour) - Antabuse can be used in aversion therapy. Works by preventing the body from breaking down alcohol which causes an unpleasant hangover symptom to put people off alcohol

Heroine Addiction - Methadone is a legal substitute for heroine which helps prevent width drawls with can help wean people off heroine

Question 13

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain how Methadone is effective in reducing crime

Answer 13

Helps reduce the drug trade world and crime committed to obtain money - stopping drug abuse and dealings

However - Doesn’t guarantee them reverting and doesn’t hit deeper levels of crime necessarily
You also cant make people take Methadone.

Question 14

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain what Valium is

Answer 14

Valium is a drug that acts as a sedative and tranquilisers or more violent and troublesome prisoners by keeping them calm

Question 15

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain chemical castration

Answer 15

Castration VIA drugs to reduce sexual activity
There is no physical/surgical change
Doesn’t act as a way of sterilisation

Question 16

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain how castration works

Answer 16

Stops androgens from being produced anywhere in the body by stopping the enzyme that is necessary for any tissue to male testosterone

Question 17

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain how long treatment typically lasts

Answer 17

As long as they continue to take the drug
Roughly lasts 1-3 months per injection
Generally reversable, unless taken for a long time - may be lasting side effects

Question 18

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain 3 side effects of chemical castration

Answer 18

Breast development
Heart Disease
Obesity

Question 19

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain 3 countries that use chemical castration

Answer 19

Russia
India
USA

Question 20

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain how chemical castration can reduce re-offending

Answer 20

Reduces sexual offenders and sexual offences as it removes their drive and ability

Question 21

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain the difference between surgical and chemical castration

Answer 21

Surgical - Sterilisation, removal of genitals, non-reversable

Chemical - Non-sterilising, doesn’t remove anything, reversable

Question 22

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain if surgical castration can be used on women

Answer 22

Yes - but not in the UK

Question 23

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain 3 Pros of chemical castration

Answer 23

• Can reduce reoffending by 40%
• Can prevent urge and act
• Should return male to pre-pubescent state

Question 24

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES]

Drug Treatments:
Explain 3 Cons of chemical castration

Answer 24

• There are many side effects
• It costs a lot as you have to purchase doses for every 3 months
• Human rights issues is mandatory as you cant make people take it

Question 25

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: Explain Surgery and what it's used to do

Answer 25

Used to alter the offender's brain or body with the aim of preventing them from reoffending

Question 26

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: What are the two types of surgery used to alter people's brains

Answer 26

1. Surgical castration (of sex offenders) 2. Lobotomy

Question 27

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: Explain Surgical castration

Answer 27

Used to attempt to change offending behaviour. Removal of ovaries or testicles to prevent production of sex hormones.

Question 28

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: Explain a problem with Surgical castration

Answer 28

Surgery has been condemned as ''degrading'' in a human rights report

Question 29

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: Explain Lobotomy

Answer 29

Cutting the connection between the frontal loves of the brain and the thalamus. Used to tread paranoia schizophrenia and sexually motivated and spontaneously violent criminals

Question 30

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Surgery: Explain a problem with Lobotomy

Answer 30

Can have major effects and very few lobotomies are now performed

Question 31

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Explain what Biological crime prevention is

Answer 31

Control polices use methods aimed at controlling groups by using chemical substances E.G: Tear gas to disperse rioters Causes uncomfortable, distressing sensations including vomiting, breathing difficulties, disorientation

Question 32

[BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES] Explain a problem with Biological crime prevention

Answer 32

Can cause lung damage and even death

Question 33

[Eugenics] Explain what Eugenics is

Answer 33

A set of beliefs and practices that argues it is possible to improve to human race and society by encouraging reproduction by populations with ''desirable'' traits and discouraging reproduction by people with ''undesirable'' qualities Controlling reproduction by eliminating a set of genes from a gene pool If we can identify a gene abnormality we can also eliminate it (XYY and Warrior Gene)

Question 34

Explain how genetic theories have argues that criminality is formed

Answer 34

Criminality is transmitted by inheriting a 'criminal' gene

Question 35

[Eugenics] Give an historical example of eugenics

Answer 35

The Holocaust OR 1908 - Royal Commission on the care and control of the feeble-minded recommended the compulsory sterilisation of those with learning disabilities and mental illnesses

Question 36

[Eugenics] Explain Compulsory Sterilisation

Answer 36

Genetically unfit people should be prevented from breeding Eugenicists put forward compulsory sterilisation of 'defectives' such as criminals, mentally ill and those with learning difficulties

Question 37

[Eugenics] What theories match Eugenics

Answer 37

Jacobs Theory XYY ((Government health policy to screen babies for genetic defects)) Brunner MAOA Warrior Gene

Question 38

[Drug Treatments] What theories match Drug Treatments

Answer 38

Jacobs Theory XYY ((Used to supress extra testosterone))

Question 39

[Capital Punishment] What theories match Drug Treatments

Answer 39

Brunner MAOA Warrior Gene ((Not UK policy but capital punishment does still exist in many countries E.G: USA/China))

Question 40

[Eugenics] What did Eugenics believe

Answer 40

Feared that the human race was in danger of 'degenerating' because the poor were breeding faster than higher classes. They were passing on inferior genes for low intelligence, insanity, poverty and criminality

Question 41

[Eugenics] What are some eugenic policies

Answer 41

Forces abortions Restrictions on the right to marry Selective Parenthood

Question 42

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] Explain 3 Pros

Answer 42

- Decrease prison population - Permanently removes killers/criminals from society - Justice for victims and their families

Question 43

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] Explain 3 Cons

Answer 43

- Victims and their families may not see it as justice because dying is the easy way out - Public opinion shows that people are largely against it - It is expensive to keep people on death row

Question 44

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] Explain the death penalty

Answer 44

The most extreme biologically driven policy to control crime and reoffending

Question 45

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] Give 3 examples of countries that still have the death penalty

Answer 45

China Russia Japan

Question 46

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] What are the 5 main methods of capital punishment

Answer 46

Death by injection Hanging Firing Squad Electric Chair Execution

Question 47

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] What is capital punishment

Answer 47

Where a state executes (Kills) criminals

Question 48

[Death Penalty/Capital Punishment] Explain the effect of the Death penalty

Answer 48

Murder rate is lower in states that do not have the death penalty SUGGESTS THAT THE DEATH PENALTY DOESNT ACT AS A DETERRANT People often kill people in the heat of the moment meaning they rarely will think about the future consequences Additionally, hardened criminals will commit crime no matter what

Question 49

[EXAM QUESTION] How would you answer: 'Assess the use of biological theories in informing policy development'

Answer 49

Describe a biological theory and explain a crime control policy that arises from the theory, explaining how and why it would or wouldn't work (Strengths and weaknesses)