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Biology 30 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is DNA made off?

A

Sugar and Phosphate back bones and rings of Nitrogenous bases

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3
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The swapping of genetic material that occurs during Meiosis

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4
Q

What is DNA replication

A

the process in which DNA makes copies of itself

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5
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A 
1 strand splits into 2 open strands (Parent Strands)
Free floating nucleotides attach to the open strands
An enzyme (DNA polymerase) matches the nucleotides to the right parent stand (A-T) (C-G)
2 new identical helixes are formed
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6
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

a combination of 1 nitrogen base (A,T,C or G), a phosphate group and a sugar, they join together to form DNA strands.

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7
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel

A

the father of genetics responsible for creating the Mendel’s laws of heredity. He was an Austrian monk who’s genius was ahead of its time which was (1822- 1884)

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8
Q

Why are Human beings known as Hybrids according to Mendel

A

they show traits of both their mother and father

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes; eg homozygous dominant: TT

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10
Q

Gregor Mendel studied 2 pure-breeding pea plant traits which were?

A

seed shape and stem length

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11
Q

Offspring means

A

1st filial generation

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12
Q

filial generation

A

a generation in a breeding experiment that is successive to a mating between parents of two distinctively different but usually relatively pure genotypes

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13
Q

N variable means

A

number of homologous pairs of chromosomes

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14
Q

What are Mendel’s 3 main laws of Heredity?

A

Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment.

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15
Q

Haploid means

A

1N (not in pairs) like in gametes

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16
Q

Diploid means

A

2N (in pairs) like for humans

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17
Q

Polyploid means

A

3 or more N (in trios or more)

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18
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell

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19
Q

Law of dominance

A

Dominant traits are expressed over recessive traits

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20
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Paired genes separate during meiosis so that each gamete possesses only one gene for a trait.

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21
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each gene is a unit that is inherited on its own

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22
Q

percent deviation

A

{expected - outcome} + {expected - outcome} / total tries x 100%

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23
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

XX - Girl
XY - Male
they are the 23rd pair of chromosomes

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24
Q

Autosomes

A

All other pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (pairs 1-22)

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25
Hemophilia
A recessive sex linked inheritance disease located on the X -chromosome that causes blood not to clot properly and affected the British royal family
26
Carriers
Someone who carries a recessive trait (normally disease) but does not express it due to being heterozygous
27
Karotyping
the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, this ordering can help us detect defects
28
Color blindness
A recessive sex linked inheritance disease located on the X -chromosome
29
Ultrasonography
Use of soundwave creating probe that creates images of the mothers abdomen (that is covered by a gel) on a screen to gather information about the fetus (position and anatomy)
30
Amniocentesis
Use of a needle to collect fluids surrounding the fetus and detect the presence or absence of certain chemicals to detect genetic disorders.
31
Fetoscopy
the insertion of a camera into the mother's abdomen through a small incision to directly observe the fetus, skin and blood samples can also be taken through this incision
32
Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate during Meiosis
33
Down syndrome
3 copies of chromosome #21 instead of 2, causes small head, short stocky body and mental challenges
34
Turner syndrome
Only has one X chromosome instead of XX or XY Considered female because no Y chromosome is present It makes the female sterile, makes them shorter and causes them to have webs of skin from neck to shoulders
35
Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY chromosome instead of XX or XY Considered male because Y chromosome is present Usually cause sterility and lack of sex characteristics Long arms and legs, and lower intelligence
36
Genetic disorders
A lethal gene that causes death
37
Sickle Cell Anemia
A recessive gene that cause abnormal hemoglobin (a protein) and gives red blood cells a sickle shape that causes blood to not carry enough oxygen. Higher incidence in African American population
38
PKU (Phenylketenuria)
1 in 100k, it is recessive, causes brain damage
39
Galactosemia
Recessive, cannot manufacture enzyme necessary to metabolize galactose into glucose, it affects the nervous system and causes death
40
Tay- Sachs
Recessive gene, missing enzymes that break down fat, nervous system fails to develop properly, causes death usually by age 2 or 3 Higher incidence in Jewish community
41
Huntington's Disease
Dominant gene, On chromosome #4, certain brain cells begin to deteriorate, causes death usually within 20 years of diagnosis Clumsy, memory problems, irritable, Uncontrollable jerking of arms & legs, loss of muscle coordination, Loss of memory and Speaking ability.
42
Mutation
a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism
43
4 types of chromosomal mutations
Addition (Down Syndrome), Inversion, Translocation, Duplication
44
Gene mutation
Changes in DNA, they can be lethal (albinism in plants) or they can be helpful (adaptation)
45
Causes of Gene mutation
Chemicals, Radiation, muller (artificially done in a lab), mutagens (substances that cause mutations)
46
Monosomy
The absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes (Turner Syndrome)
47
Trisomy
a chromosomal condition characterized by an additional chromosome (Down Syndrome)
48
Polyploidy
Cells with 2 sets, creates large stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, like (larger watermelons)
49
Benefits of mutation
agriculture (seedless grapes, short -legged sheep, double flowers)
50
Genetic Engineering
an artificial way of combining various genes
51
Benefits of Genetic Engineering
Medicine (Insulin {bacteria inserted with insulin gene}, Growth hormone), Agriculture (Topatoes, Brocco flower, natural pesticides, flounder protein that creates anti freeze in plants, Embryo Clevage {pass on desirable traits})
52
Genetic Engineering Techniques
recombinant DNA, microinjection, electrical/ chemical poration, bio ballistics
53
Why are humans unsuitable for genetic studies? (4)
Inability to be controlled by investigators, Long life span, Produce few offspring, Influenced by the environment
54
4 factors that affect the Gene pool
death, emigration, immigration and birth
55
What are demes
a very small group within the population that is carrying a specific gene or a population of organisms within which the exchange of genes is completely random
56
Incomplete Dominance
a heterozygote shows the phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes ( red + white = pink)
57
Codominance
both alleles in the heterozygote express themselves fully (2 traits, like in blood types AB)
58
Polygenic Trait
traits are controlled by 2 or more gene pairs (Eye and Hair color) 1 gene for tone of color another for distribution of pigment, etc
59
Multiple allele
there are 3 or more alleles for a trait in the population
60
Environmental effects
Gene expression can be influenced by the activity of other genes. Genes can also be affected by the environment both inside and outside the organism. This may enable an organism to adjust to environmental changes (Rabbit fur color) [sunlight, water, temp]
61
Genetic Equilibrium
the constant state of allele frequency
62
Conditions for Genetic Equilibrium
No natural selection, eg. All alleles must be equally favorable, Random mating, No migration, No significant mutation (Essentially creates a deme)
63
Genetic Drift
an accidental change in gene frequency, eg. Fire, earthquakes, tsunamis
64
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase - (resting period, DNA replication) Prophase - (gets ready, nuclear envelope breaks down) Metaphase - (Middle) Anaphase - (Pulled apart) Telephase - (splits into 2 different cells)
65
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis is asexual, 2 identical cells created | Meiosis is sexual, 4 different cells created
66
Inversion mutation
when a section of DNA breaks away from a chromosome during the reproductive process and then reattaches to the chromosome in reversed order.
67
translocation mutations
when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
68
duplication mutations
a type of mutation that involves the production of one or more copies of a gene or region of a chromosome
69
4 types of gene pools
All the genes for a trait All the genes in the human race All the genes in a specific population (country) All the genes in all living organisms

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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