Genetics

Question 1

Physical appearance

Answer 1

Phenotype

Question 2

Genetic composition

Answer 2

Genotype

Question 3

Environment

Answer 3

Affects how genes are expressed

Question 4

DNA codes for specific substance

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

Subcomponent of DNA. 2 create a gene

Answer 5

Allele

Question 6

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Answer 6

Homozygous dominant: PP
Homozygous recessive: pp
Heterozygous: Pp

Question 7

Two types of traits

Answer 7

Qualitative: few genes with little variation. Yes/no ex. Earlobes attached
Quantitative: many genes. Expression over a range ex. Weight or height

Question 8

Mating of individuals more closely related. Basis for breeds. Not the cause of genetic mutations.

Answer 8

Inbreeding

Question 9

Concentration on genes of a species ancestor

Answer 9

Linebreeding

Question 10

Mating of individuals less closely related then the average of the population

Answer 10

Outbreeding

Question 11

Same breed, but genetically very different

Answer 11

Outcrossing

Question 12

Same species, but different breed

Answer 12

Cross breeding

Question 13

Crossbreeding effects

Answer 13

Increase reproductive traits, but can decrease economically beneficial traits.
Used for meat production in beef, swine, broilers, sheep, and goats

Question 14

Breeding different species. Usually unsuccessful, but can create genetically unfit individuals

Answer 14

Crossing species

Question 15

What is genetic fitness?

Answer 15

Ability to reproduce

Question 16

Combination of incompatible chromosomes or chromosome numbers. Cells don’t contain same number of chromosomes

Answer 16

Chimera

Question 17

Average trait of offspring is superior to average of parental breeds.

Answer 17

Heterosis

Question 18

Deciding parents of next generation

Answer 18

Selection

Question 19

Occurs in all species. Genes spread slowly

Answer 19

Natural mating

Question 20

Difficult process with low success. Genes spread by freezing sperm. Turkey, dairy cow, and swine.

Answer 20

Artificial insemination

Question 21

Expensive and difficult method used to spread genes quickly. Used in some dairy cows

Answer 21

Embryo transfer

Question 22

Steps of embryo transfer

Answer 22

1. Superovulate female: hormone increases number of follicles produced.
2. Embryos are fertilized
3. Embryos collected in uterus using Foley catheter before zonapellucoda ruptures.
4. Eggs transferred into recipient in same stage of reproduction

Question 23

Transferring half the cells from a viable embryo into an empty zonapellucida

Answer 23

Embryo splitting

Question 24

Organisms containing 3 haploids

Answer 24

Tripliods

Question 25

Characteristics of triploids

Answer 25

Genetically unfit (can’t reproduce) Accelerated/ prolonged growth period. Beneficial for some food/aquatic species.

Question 26

How are triploids produced?

Answer 26

Collecting ovum and adding sperm during particular stages of mitosis

Question 27

Creating new animal from DNA of preexisting animal

Answer 27

Cloning

Question 28

What were the first animals to be cloned?

Answer 28

Frogs

Question 29

First large animal to be cloned?

Answer 29

Dolly the sheep.

Question 30

Why did Dolly the cloned sheep have health issues so young?

Answer 30

Her DNA was old

Question 31

Steps for cloning

Answer 31

1. Remove potentially fertilized egg. 2. Remove DNA from egg (denucleate) 3. Implant DNA from a preexsisting individual (skin cells)

Question 32

Inserting genes form one species into another

Answer 32

Transgenic

Question 33

What gene is used as an indicator in some transgenic experiments?

Answer 33

Green fluorescent protein from jellyfish

Question 34

What gene is being experimented on in sheep to produce cancer fighting milk?

Answer 34

Lactoferrin

Question 35

Determining or tracing each individuals unique DNA pattern

Answer 35

DNA fingerprinting

Question 36

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

Answer 36

Identify an individual from a species or determine if an individual carries a genetic mutation Theft recovery or pedigree verification

Question 37

Predicting performance, function, and structure off genes. Identifying genes that produce a desired trait.

Answer 37

Genomics

Question 38

Using less related individuals increases what?

Answer 38

Heterosis

Question 39

Environment can influence the expression of genes and turn specific genes on or off. Ex. Honeybees

Answer 39

Epigenetics