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GENETICS Flashcards

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1
Q

father of genetics

A

GJ Mendel

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2
Q

father of modern genetics

A

W Bateson

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3
Q

father of experimental genetics

A

Th Morgan

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4
Q

father of human genetics

A

carrod

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5
Q

term gene was given by?

A

Johannsen

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5
Q

genotype and phenotype term was given by?

A

Johannsen

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6
Q

who rediscovered Mendelism?

A

Carl Correns, Tschermak, Hugo de Vries

trick: - chemistry test was hard.
in year 1900

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7
Q

experimental year of Mendal?

A

7 years (1856-1863)
“experiment in plant hybridization “ paper was pulished in journal in 1865

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8
Q

incomplete dominance was first discovered by?

A

carl Correns ; in mirabilis jalapa

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8
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by?

A

Sutton and Theodor Boveri

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9
Q

Quantitative inheritance was first time studied by?

A

J kolreuter

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10
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance was discovered by?

A

Correns

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11
Q

who gave experimental verification of chromosomal theory?

A

TH Morgan

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12
Q

Linkage was first time observed by?

A

Bateson and Punnet

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12
Q

term linkage and detailed studied by?

A

TH morgan

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12
Q

unit of inheritance/heredity?

A

gene

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13
Q

What is hemizygous term?

A

condition in which only single allele of a gene is present
e.g.-human males are hemizygous for sex linked genes

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13
Q

pre Mendelism scientists? and their postulates?

A

trick -
Most-moist vapor P-Pythagoras
Famous-fluid E- Empedocles
Rahul-reproductive A-Aristotle
Pyari-preformation S-Swammerdam
Priyanka-pangenesis Dal se- Darwin
Gandhi ko-germplasm Wish kiya-Weisman

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14
Q

Back cross

A

performed between F1and one of the parent

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15
Q

test cross

A

individual crossed with pure recessive genotype
objective- to know whether individual is homozygous or heterozygous
>if all tall progeny produced - homozygous dominant condition
>if 50% tall and 50% dwarf progeny produced- heterozygous condition

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16
Q

Mendel studied 7 pair of contrasting traits name them with chromosome no?

A

trick -
1 - FirSt - C (flower colour and seed colour)
4 - remaining (flower position, shape of
pod, length of plant)
5 - PC (pod colour)
7 - SS (seed shape)

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17
Q

describe Mendel’s experimental techniques

A

step 1- selection of pure breed

step 2 - hybridization between plants
Emasculation
Bagging
Dusting
Rebagging
Tagging
Crossing
Seed collection

step 3- selfing of F1 to btain F2

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18
Q

Law based on monohybrid cross

A
  1. Law of paired factors
  2. Law of dominance
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19
Q

Mendel formulated law of purity of gamete on the basis of which type of cross?

A

Monohybrid crossing

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20
Genotype and phenotype ratio in F2 generation in monohybrid cross
PR-3:1 GR-1:2:1
21
Law based on dihybrid cross
1. Law of segregation 2.Law of independent assortment
22
Genotype and phenotype ratio in F2 generation in Dihybrid cross
PR-9:3:3:1 GR-1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
23
Intragenic/ allelic interactions
interaction between alleles of same gene
24
Intergenic/non allelic interactions
interaction between allele of two different gene
25
example of intragenic / allelic interactions
1.Incomplete dominance 2.Co dominance 3.Multiple alleles 4.Pleiotropic gene
26
example of intergenic/non allelic interactions
1.complementary gene 2.Epistatic gene 3.Supplementary gene
27
what are qualitative characters?
characters which are independent of number of dominant allele
28
what are quantitative characters?
characters which depend on number of dominant alleles
29
Example of Incomplete dominance
1. flower colour in Miraibilis jalapa/4 "o" clock/Gul e Bansi 2.flower colour in Antirrhinum majus/snapdragon/Dog flower 3.size of starch grains in pea plant(pisum setivum)
30
Genotype and phenotype ratio in F2 generation in Incomplete dominance
PR-1:2:1(Red:Pink:White) GR-1:2:1(RR:Rr:rr)
31
phenotype of F1 in Incomplete dominance
all pink flower; F1 hybrid does not resemble to any of the parent in heterozygous condition an intermediate phenotype appear
32
describe incomplete dominance
in this condition dominant allele is not fully dominant over recessive allele so in heterozygous condition an intermediate phenotype appears
33
describe codominance
in this interaction in heterozygous condition both allele are equally dominant and show their independent expression
34
example of codominance
1.skin colour of short horned cattles when a black parent crossed with white parent , a Roan colored F1 progeny is produced 2.AB blood group system 3.carrier of sickle cell anemia
35
Genotype and phenotype ratio in F2 generation in Co dominance
PR- 1:2:1 GR-1:2:1
36
phenotype of F1 in Co dominance
F1 hybrid resemble both parents(mosaic inheritance), intermediate phenotype does not occur
37
describe multiple allelism
>more than two alternative form of a gene >multiple allele is formed due to mutation >multiple allele is located on same locus of homologous chromosome >a diploid individual can have only two allele of a gene and other allele can be seen in other members of population
38
type of different possible genotype and phenotype in multiple allelism
n/2 x (n+1) and (n+1)
39
example of multiple allelism
1. ABO blood group system (3) 2. eye color in drosophila melanogaster(15)
40
describe pleiotropic gene
gene which control more than one character these gene shows multiple phenotypic effects
41
examples of pleiotropic effect
1.seed shape and size of starch grain in pea plant are controlled by the same gene located on 7th chromosome. (for seed shape B gene shows Dominance over b gene) (for size of starch grains B gene shows incomplete dominance over b gene) 2.Phenylketonuria (autosomal recessive) (most of the human genetic disorders are pleiotropic) 3. Sickle cell anemia (autosomal recessive)
42
describe complementary gene
two pairs of non-allelic dominant gene shows a similar effect in independent condition. but produce a new trait when present together in dominant form (at least one dominant allele of both gene must be present to express new trait)
43
complementary gene studied by ?
Bateson and punnet studied on lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea)
44
phenotypic ratio of F2 in complementary gene
PR-9:7 (C_P_)-9 (C_pp)-3 (ccP_)-3 (ccpp)-1
45
genotypic ratio of F2 in complementary gene
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
46
describe Epistasis
a gene prevent the expression of another non allelic gene also known as inhibiting gene epistasis reduces the number of phenotypes appearing in F2 both non allelic gene may be mutually epistatic to each other
47
gene whose effect get suppressed in epistasis?
hypostatic gene
48
types of epistasis
dominant and recessive epistasis
49
describe dominant epistasis
one dominant inhibiting gene is enough to suppress the expression non allelic gene
50
phenotypic and genotypic ratio in dominant epistasis
PR-12:3:1(white:yellow:green) GR- 1:
50
example of dominant epistasis
fruit colour in summer squash(cucurbita pepo)
51
Phenotypic and genotypic ratio in dominant epistasis
PR - 12:3:1 (white:yellow:green) A=dominant allele for yellow a=recessive allele for green colour B=Epistatic gene over A & a gene A_B_=9white A_bb=3yellow aaB_=3white aabb=1green GR -1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
52
Example of recessive epistasis
Color of onion bulb and color of rat
53
Describe recessive epistasis
A recessive homozygous genotype at one locus (aa) supress the expression of not allele at another locusa (B_)
54
Phenotypic and genotypic ratio of recessive epistasis
PR=9:4:3 ii = epistatic gene I_R_=9 red I_rr= 3 yellow iiR_=3 white iirr = 1 white GR=1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
55
Describe supplementary gene
Two non allelic gene which produce their own effect independently when present in dominant state and also interact to form a totally new trait (with both dominant )
56
Example of supplementary gene
Comb types in poultry
57
Phenotypic and genotypic ratio in supplementary gene
PR=9:3:3:1 P_R_= 9 walnut comb P_rr= 3 pea comb ppR_ = 3 rose comb pprr = 1 single comb GR =1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
58
Describe duplicate gene
When a non allelic gene determine the same phenotype so that either of the gene is able to produce the character in question
59
Example of duplecate gene
Fruit shape in shephered's purse , cucurbita pepo (additive duplicate gene condition , {T_D_}= shape change) In cucurbita pepo F2 ratio = 9: 6:1
60
Phenotypic and genotypic ratio in duplecate gene
PR = 15:1 T_D_= triangular shape T_dd = triangular shape ttD_= triangular shape ttdd = enlongated shape GR =1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
61
Type of phenotype in polygenic inheritance
2n+1
62
Phenotypic ratio in polygenetic/Quantitative/ human skin color inheritance
PR = 1:6:15:20:15:6:1 20 - mulatto
63
Contribution of each dominant allele in polygenic inheritance
Maximum expression - minimum expression/ total number of dominat allele
64
Inheritance of cytogene occurs through male or female ?
Female
65
What is cytogene
Extra nuclear gene
66
Total cytogene in a cell is called?
Plasmon
67
Relation between strength of linkage and crossing over
Strength of linkage is inversly proportional to crossing over
68
Describe linkage group
All the gene which are located on one pair of homologus chr form one linkage grp Gene which are present on same homologus chr are inherited together
69
No of linkage group in diploid individual is ?
No of haploid no of chromosome
70
No of linked grp in drosophila is ?
4
71
No of linked grp in human is ?
23 In male linked grp = 24 due to y gene
72
What is cis/coupling arrangement of linked genes?
When all dominant allele of a gene is present on same homologus pair of chr And all recessive allele of the gene present on other pair of homologus chr ++/ab
72
No of linked grp in pisum sativum is ?
7
73
What is trans / repulsion arrangement of linked gene?
+b/a+
74
What is recombination frequency or cross over value
No of recombinant/total no of offspring x 100
75
1st chromosomal map of drosophila was prepared by whom?
Alfered sturtevant
76
Chromosomal map provide information about ?
Distance between two linked gene Sequence of different linked gene
77
%age of recombinant in body / eye color experiment in drosophila by morgan
1.3%
78
%age of recombinant in eye color& wing size experiment in drosophila by morgan
37.2%
79
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