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Animal Science Lec. > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic terms, the role of G+E on the P expression,
gene action, the mechanics of inheritance, the Mendelian
inheritance, genes in population.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Objectives of animal breeding, systems of
breeding, inbreeding and crossbreeding.

A

Animal Breeding

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3
Q

Reproduction and rate of genetic improvement,
animal reproductive biotechnologies

A

Reproduction

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4
Q

A branch of biology that deals with heredity and variations of
organisms.

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Transmission of traits from generation to the next generation.

A

Heredity

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6
Q

Deals with the genetic differences
between organisms

A

Variation

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7
Q

Deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation.

A

Mendelian Genetics

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8
Q

Study of heredity in groups of individuals.

A

Population Genetics

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9
Q

Three main areas in Animal Genetics

A

Mendelian Genetics
Population Genetics
Quantitative or Biometrical Genetics

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10
Q

Smallest unit of inheritance, found as segments of DNA on a chromosome.

A

Gene

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11
Q

Play a central role in determining various traits and characteristics of an
organism, including its physical appearance, physiological processes, and
susceptibility to diseases.

A

Gene

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12
Q

Store and transmit genetic
information from cell to cell and
from parent to offspring.

A

Genes

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13
Q

Copy or replicate itself with great
consistency and precision

A

Genes

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14
Q

Undergo mutation or error in
copying which would subsequently
copied and replicated.

A

Genes

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15
Q

Cound in the nucleus of the cell, and forms
the backbone of chromosome.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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16
Q

In Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the spiral or double helix structure composed
of ?

A

nucleotides (deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate, and N base). The N bases are
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and
cytosine (C).

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17
Q

DNA itself is wound up into a thin fiber which is wrapped around proteins called?

A

Histones

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18
Q

The histones and DNA structure forms a beadlike structure known as?

A

Nucleosome

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19
Q

Slender, thread-like strands that
contain the units of inheritance
(genes).

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

How many sister chromatids?

A

2 sister chromatids

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21
Q

It is made of
protein and a single molecule of DNA
(chromatin).

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Genes occupying corresponding loci
on homologous chromosomes that
affect the same trait but in a
different way.

A

Alleles

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23
Q

Genes on the same locus controlling
a trait in the same way are called “homozygous”, and if they contrast
in controlling the trait, they are called “heterozygous”.

A

Alleles

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24
Q

Specific location of a gene on a
chromosome.

A

Loci

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25
Q

Having identical genes (one from
each parent) for a particular
characteristic.

A

Homozygous

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26
Q

Having two different genes for a
particular characteristic.

A

Heterozygous

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27
Q

Genes on the same locus controlling
a trait in the same way are called?

A

“homozygous”,

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28
Q

If they contrast
in controlling the trait.

A

“heterozygous”.

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29
Q

The allele of a gene that masks or
suppresses the expression of an
alternate allele; the trait appears in
the heterozygous condition.

A

Dominant

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30
Q

An allele that is masked by a
dominant allele; does not appear in
the heterozygous condition, only in
homozygous.

A

Recessive

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31
Q

 The combination of alleles in an
individual  The genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

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32
Q

 Any behavioral, biochemical,
morphological, or physiological
manifestation of the genotype

A

Phenotype

33
Q

The genetic makeup of an organisms

A

Genotype

34
Q

What is the meaning P = G + E (GxE)

A
  1. Genotype (G)
  2. Environment (E)
  3. Phenotype (P)
35
Q

The genetic makeup of an organisms

A

Genetics

36
Q

Fixed at conception and expressed until death (except for possible mutation)

A

Genetics

37
Q

Reflects the action of genes in different combinations within the individual

A

Genetics

38
Q

Causes variations other than heredity (e.g. disease, nutrition)

A

Environment

39
Q

Affects the phenotypic expression of quantitative traits (production and
reproduction)

A

Environment

40
Q

May be defined as the interaction between the genotype of the
individual and the environment under which it is raised.

A

GxE

41
Q

Any behavioral, biochemical, morphological, or physiological manifestation of the
genotype

A

Phenotype

42
Q

Visible or measurable traits

A

Phenotype

43
Q

Differences in individuals which are measured by means of senses (e.g. litter size, color)

A

Phenotype

44
Q

 Dominance
 Epistasis

A

Nonadditive gene action

45
Q

determined at the time of conception, but the degree to which the potential is reached
during the animal’s life is determined by environment.

A

Genetic potential

46
Q

The phenotypic expression of one gene doesn’t necessarily add to the
phenotypic expression of the other.

A

Nonadditive gene action

47
Q

Kinds of Nonadditive gene action

A

Dominance and Epistasis

48
Q

When a gene suppresses the expression of its allele, the former is called
the dominant gene while the latter is referred to as the recessive gene.

A

Dominance

49
Q

Intra-allelic interaction (interaction of genes in the same locus)

A

Dominance

50
Q

Different exceptions to Mendel’s principle

A
  • Complete dominance
  • Incomplete/partial/Codominance
  • Overdominance
51
Q

Form of dominance in which heterozygous and homozygous dominant genotypes
have the same phenotypic expression.

A

Complete dominance

52
Q

Pp and PP (genotype) are polled cattle; pp (genotype) is horned cattle is an example of what kind of form of dominance.

A

Complete dominance

53
Q

Dominance is absent and the progeny does not resemble any of its parents.

A

Incomplete/partial dominance

54
Q

The Aa heterozygote is almost as valuable as the AA homozygote.

A

Incomplete/partial dominance

55
Q

both alleles at a particular gene locus are fully expressed in the heterozygous
condition.

A

Codominance

56
Q

neither allele is dominant or recessive to the other, and both contribute to the
phenotype independently.

A

Codominance

57
Q

The heterozygote exceeds the phenotypic measurements of the homozygous
parents.

A

Overdominance

58
Q

The heterozygote is more valuable than either homozygous genotype.

A

Overdominance

59
Q

Inter-allelic interaction (interaction between genes at different loci)

A

Epistasis

60
Q

An interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of
genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other
loci.

A

Epistasis

61
Q

Type of Epistasis

A

 Recessive Epistasis
 Dominant Epistasis

62
Q

True or false. Multiple genes= one phenotype

A

True

63
Q

The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:4

A

Recessive epistasis

64
Q

One gene completely masks another gene

A

Recessive epistasis

65
Q

Coat color in Mice = 2 separate genes

A

Recessive epistasis

66
Q

When dominant allele ‘A’ masks the
expression of ‘B’, ‘A’ is epistatic
gene of ‘B’

A

Dominant epistasis

67
Q

A’ can express itself only in the
presence of ‘B’ or ‘b’ allele

A

Dominant epistasis

68
Q

 ‘B’ expresses only when ‘aa’ is
present  Ratio is 12:3:1

A

Dominant epistasis

69
Q

The effect of dominant gene ’Y’ is
masked by the dominant gene ’W’
(epistatic gene)

A

Dominant epistasis

70
Q

The effect of one gene contributed to the
effect of another gene in the expression
of the same phenotype

A

Additive gene action

71
Q

Thus, if more genes contribute to the
same phenotype, then the expression of
the trait in an individual is more intensive

A

Additive gene action

72
Q

The laws of Gregor Mendel described
how the hereditary material is passed on
from parent to offspring as evidenced by
the physical appearance of the offspring.

A

The Mendelian inheritance

73
Q

The two laws of Gregor Mendel.

A

Law of Independent Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

74
Q

Law that states that the alleles of a gene pair
separate completely and cleanly from
each other during meiosis.

A

Law of independent segregation

75
Q

Can be illustrated using a monohybrid
cross.

A

Law of independent segregation

76
Q

Monohybrid cross is a cross between
homozygous individuals that are different
from each other at one gene locus.

A

Law of independent segregation

77
Q

States that genes for different characters
are inherited independently of the other
pairs

A

Law of independent assortment

78
Q

Can be illustrated using a dihybrid cross.

A

Law of independent assortment

79
Q

Dihybrid cross is a cross between two
homozygous individuals that are different
from each other at two gene loci

A

Law of independent assortment

Animal Science Lec. (2 decks)

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