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Animal Science Lec. 1st &2nd Yr. > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Genetic terms, the role of G+E on the P expression,
gene action, the mechanics of inheritance, the Mendelian
inheritance, genes in population.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Objectives of animal breeding, systems of
breeding, inbreeding and crossbreeding.

A

Animal Breeding

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3
Q

Reproduction and rate of genetic improvement,
animal reproductive biotechnologies

A

Reproduction

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4
Q

A branch of biology that deals with heredity and variations of
organisms.

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Transmission of traits from generation to the next generation.

A

Heredity

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6
Q

Deals with the genetic differences
between organisms

A

Variation

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7
Q

Deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation.

A

Mendelian Genetics

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8
Q

Study of heredity in groups of individuals.

A

Population Genetics

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9
Q

Three main areas in Animal Genetics

A

Mendelian Genetics
Population Genetics
Quantitative or Biometrical Genetics

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10
Q

Smallest unit of inheritance, found as segments of DNA on a chromosome.

A

Gene

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11
Q

Play a central role in determining various traits and characteristics of an
organism, including its physical appearance, physiological processes, and
susceptibility to diseases.

A

Gene

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12
Q

Store and transmit genetic
information from cell to cell and
from parent to offspring.

A

Genes

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13
Q

Copy or replicate itself with great
consistency and precision

A

Genes

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14
Q

Undergo mutation or error in
copying which would subsequently
copied and replicated.

A

Genes

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15
Q

Cound in the nucleus of the cell, and forms
the backbone of chromosome.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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16
Q

In Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the spiral or double helix structure composed
of ?

A

nucleotides (deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate, and N base). The N bases are
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and
cytosine (C).

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17
Q

DNA itself is wound up into a thin fiber which is wrapped around proteins called?

A

Histones

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18
Q

The histones and DNA structure forms a beadlike structure known as?

A

Nucleosome

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19
Q

Slender, thread-like strands that
contain the units of inheritance
(genes).

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

How many sister chromatids?

A

2 sister chromatids

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21
Q

It is made of
protein and a single molecule of DNA
(chromatin).

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Genes occupying corresponding loci
on homologous chromosomes that
affect the same trait but in a
different way.

A

Alleles

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23
Q

Genes on the same locus controlling
a trait in the same way are called “homozygous”, and if they contrast
in controlling the trait, they are called “heterozygous”.

A

Alleles

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24
Q

Specific location of a gene on a
chromosome.

A

Loci

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25
Having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.
Homozygous
26
Having two different genes for a particular characteristic.
Heterozygous
27
Genes on the same locus controlling a trait in the same way are called?
“homozygous”,
28
If they contrast in controlling the trait.
“heterozygous”.
29
The allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition.
Dominant
30
An allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous.
Recessive
31
 The combination of alleles in an individual  The genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
32
 Any behavioral, biochemical, morphological, or physiological manifestation of the genotype
Phenotype
33
The genetic makeup of an organisms
Genotype
34
What is the meaning P = G + E (GxE)
1. Genotype (G) 2. Environment (E) 3. Phenotype (P)
35
The genetic makeup of an organisms
Genetics
36
Fixed at conception and expressed until death (except for possible mutation)
Genetics
37
Reflects the action of genes in different combinations within the individual
Genetics
38
Causes variations other than heredity (e.g. disease, nutrition)
Environment
39
Affects the phenotypic expression of quantitative traits (production and reproduction)
Environment
40
May be defined as the interaction between the genotype of the individual and the environment under which it is raised.
GxE
41
Any behavioral, biochemical, morphological, or physiological manifestation of the genotype
Phenotype
42
Visible or measurable traits
Phenotype
43
Differences in individuals which are measured by means of senses (e.g. litter size, color)
Phenotype
44
 Dominance  Epistasis
Nonadditive gene action
45
determined at the time of conception, but the degree to which the potential is reached during the animal’s life is determined by environment.
Genetic potential
46
The phenotypic expression of one gene doesn’t necessarily add to the phenotypic expression of the other.
Nonadditive gene action
47
Kinds of Nonadditive gene action
Dominance and Epistasis
48
When a gene suppresses the expression of its allele, the former is called the dominant gene while the latter is referred to as the recessive gene.
Dominance
49
Intra-allelic interaction (interaction of genes in the same locus)
Dominance
50
Different exceptions to Mendel’s principle
- Complete dominance - Incomplete/partial/Codominance - Overdominance
51
Form of dominance in which heterozygous and homozygous dominant genotypes have the same phenotypic expression.
Complete dominance
52
Pp and PP (genotype) are polled cattle; pp (genotype) is horned cattle is an example of what kind of form of dominance.
Complete dominance
53
Dominance is absent and the progeny does not resemble any of its parents.
Incomplete/partial dominance
54
The Aa heterozygote is almost as valuable as the AA homozygote.
Incomplete/partial dominance
55
both alleles at a particular gene locus are fully expressed in the heterozygous condition.
Codominance
56
neither allele is dominant or recessive to the other, and both contribute to the phenotype independently.
Codominance
57
The heterozygote exceeds the phenotypic measurements of the homozygous parents.
Overdominance
58
The heterozygote is more valuable than either homozygous genotype.
Overdominance
59
Inter-allelic interaction (interaction between genes at different loci)
Epistasis
60
An interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci.
Epistasis
61
Type of Epistasis
 Recessive Epistasis  Dominant Epistasis
62
True or false. Multiple genes= one phenotype
True
63
The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:4
Recessive epistasis
64
One gene completely masks another gene
Recessive epistasis
65
Coat color in Mice = 2 separate genes
Recessive epistasis
66
When dominant allele ‘A’ masks the expression of ‘B’, ‘A’ is epistatic gene of ‘B’
Dominant epistasis
67
A’ can express itself only in the presence of ‘B’ or ‘b’ allele
Dominant epistasis
68
 ‘B’ expresses only when ‘aa’ is present  Ratio is 12:3:1
Dominant epistasis
69
The effect of dominant gene ’Y’ is masked by the dominant gene ’W’ (epistatic gene)
Dominant epistasis
70
The effect of one gene contributed to the effect of another gene in the expression of the same phenotype
Additive gene action
71
Thus, if more genes contribute to the same phenotype, then the expression of the trait in an individual is more intensive
Additive gene action
72
The laws of Gregor Mendel described how the hereditary material is passed on from parent to offspring as evidenced by the physical appearance of the offspring.
The Mendelian inheritance
73
The two laws of Gregor Mendel.
Law of Independent Segregation Law of Independent Assortment
74
Law that states that the alleles of a gene pair separate completely and cleanly from each other during meiosis.
Law of independent segregation
75
Can be illustrated using a monohybrid cross.
Law of independent segregation
76
Monohybrid cross is a cross between homozygous individuals that are different from each other at one gene locus.
Law of independent segregation
77
States that genes for different characters are inherited independently of the other pairs
Law of independent assortment
78
Can be illustrated using a dihybrid cross.
Law of independent assortment
79
Dihybrid cross is a cross between two homozygous individuals that are different from each other at two gene loci
Law of independent assortment

Animal Science Lec. 1st &2nd Yr. (3 decks)

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