Genetics Flashcards
(15 cards)
Who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden?
Gregor Mendel
What is Hybridization?
Breed true breeding plants to another true breeding plants and see what happens.
Parental Generation
- F1 generation
- F2 generation
What are Mendel’s Laws?
Law of Segregation - Monohybrid Cross
Law of Independent Assortment - Dihybrid Cross
Homozygous and Heterozygous
Heterozygous- two different alleles (Pp)
Homozygous- two of the same allele (PP, pp)
What is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)?
What stores our genetic instructions, the information that constructs all of our cells activity.
Parts of DNA Nucleotide
- Carbon Sugar Molecule (Deoxyribose)
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Bases (Adenine, Thymine: 2 Hydrogen Bond Cytosine, Guanine: 3 Hydrogen Bond)
What us RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)?
A single stranded molecule. The sugar has more oxygen atom than DNA.
- Sugar Phosphate Backbone
- Nucleotide Bases (Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine)
DNA Replication
DNA copies itself.
Seperates the 2 strands by Helicase.
Leading Strand - RNA primase as the primer, DNA polymerase just adds matching nucleotides
Lagging Strand - Okazaki Fragments starts with RNA primase followed DNA polymerase to add matching nucleotides in fragments.
DNA Ligase - seals up fragments of DNA in both strands
Central Dogma
Describes the 2 step process, transcription and translation, by which DNA flows in this way: DNA > RNA > protein
- replication, transcription, translation
Transcription
mRNA is synthesized based on the DNA template
Translation
Translating the code hidden in the mRNA molecule.
Ribosome - molecular machine for protein synthesis
tRNA - completes a chain of amino acids
Mutation
Spontaneous Mutations - something in the process of DNA replication or forming the gametes goes wrong (strand slippage)
Induced Mutations - caused by the environment (radiation/cigarretes)
Bacteria
Single-celled living organisms than can multiply on non-living surfaces. Prokaryotes
Virus
Not cells but rather bits of genetic material (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protective coat Capsid. Can only replicate through a host.
Bacteriophage- virus that attacks bacteria
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria - Heterotrophs: gets energy by eating other organisms. Autotrophs: they can feed themselves
Archaea - lives in extreme conditions
Eukarya - domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is contained
