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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell theory explain?

A

The observations of living things.

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2
Q

What are the three main points of the cell theory?

A
  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the basic organizational unit of life
  • All cells come from previously existing cells
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3
Q

What is the basic organizational unit of life?

A

The cell.

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4
Q

What types of organisms can be classified based on cell structure?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Colony (cluster of cells)
  • Multicellular
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5
Q

What type of microscope is the simplest form?

A

Simple Light Microscope.

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6
Q

What does a Compound Light Microscope contain?

A
  • Eyepiece (ocular lens)
  • Objective lenses
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7
Q

What type of microscope uses an invisible beam of electrons?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: All cells come from _______.

A

[previously existing cells]

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9
Q

True or False: All living things are composed of one cell.

A

False.

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10
Q

What are the components of life organization in order from smallest to largest?

A
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

One of the 4 major macromolecules found in all living things

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13
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large molecule made of smaller repeating subunits known as monomers

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14
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

What are the two major classes of nucleotides?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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16
Q

What is DNA?

A

The chemical basis for the gene and the fundamental unit of inheritance

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17
Q

Where is DNA mainly found?

A

In the nuclei of cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

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18
Q

What is the primary function of DNA?

A

Governing the activities of the entire cell

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19
Q

What is RNA?

A

A molecule mainly found in the cytoplasm that performs various tasks

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20
Q

What are some tasks performed by RNA?

A
  • Acting as structural scaffolds
  • Being chemical messengers
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21
Q

What are the different forms of RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • ERNA
  • IRNA
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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What is the function of DNA in the context of this analogy?

A

DNA is described as the master binder for the course

This analogy illustrates how DNA contains all genetic information but is not directly shared.

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24
Q

What does RNA represent in this analogy?

A

RNA represents a copy of one page (instruction/gene) from the DNA binder

RNA is produced to convey specific instructions from DNA.

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25
Where is the original DNA kept?
The original DNA is kept safe and protected in the nucleus ## Footnote The nucleus serves as the storage location for the cell's genetic material.
26
What does making multiple copies of the same instruction signify?
It signifies conveying the instruction multiple times for the entire class ## Footnote This reflects how cells can produce many copies of RNA from a single gene to meet cellular demands.
27
What does it mean to give one instruction at a time?
It means that cells are specialized and only perform one task at a time, following one gene ## Footnote This illustrates cellular specialization and the concept of gene expression.
28
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A nucleotide consists of: * A nitrogenous base * A sugar * A phosphate group ## Footnote These components are essential for the structure of DNA and RNA.
29
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases mentioned?
The two types of nitrogenous bases are purines and pyrimidines ## Footnote Purines include adenine and guanine, while pyrimidines include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
30
Fill in the blank: A _______ consists of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
nucleotide ## Footnote Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
31
32
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
33
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Purines and pyrimidines.
34
Name the purine bases found in DNA.
* Adenine * Guanine
35
Name the pyrimidine bases found in DNA.
* Thymine * Cytosine
36
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil
37
Fill in the blank: In RNA, thymine is replaced by _______.
Uracil
38
What are the nitrogenous bases present in RNA?
* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine
39
How many possible nucleotide bases are mentioned?
Five
40
41
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Purines and Pyrimidines
42
What is the structure of Pyrimidines?
Single ring
43
What is the structure of Purines?
Double ring
44
What is the 5-carbon sugar in DNA?
Deoxyribose
45
What is the 5-carbon sugar in RNA?
Ribose
46
Fill in the blank: The sugar in RNA is _______.
Ribose
47
Fill in the blank: The sugar in DNA is _______.
Deoxyribose
48
49
What is the shape of DNA called?
Double helix ## Footnote The structure resembles a twisted ladder or spiral staircase.
50
What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous base pairs together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonding ## Footnote These bonds are crucial for the stability of the DNA structure.
51
Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine ## Footnote Adenine and thymine always pair together in the DNA double helix.
52
Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?
Cytosine ## Footnote Guanine and cytosine are the complementary pairs in DNA.
53
What are the 'handrails' of the DNA molecule made of?
Chains of deoxyribose and phosphate ## Footnote These components form the backbone of the DNA structure.
54
What are the 'stairs' of the DNA molecule made of?
Pairs of nitrogen bases joined by hydrogen bonds ## Footnote These base pairs create the rungs of the DNA ladder.
55
List the nitrogenous bases found in DNA.
* Adenine * Thymine * Guanine * Cytosine ## Footnote These bases are essential for coding genetic information.
56
Fill in the blank: The structure of DNA is often described as a _______.
Twisted ladder ## Footnote This description highlights the double helix configuration.
57
58
What types of cells are generally examined to determine information about human chromosomes?
White blood cells and cells from the amniotic fluid.
59
What chemical is added to stop cell division during chromosome examination?
Colchicine.
60
What is revealed by special staining techniques during chromosome examination?
Light and dark regions (bands) on the chromosomes.
61
What is the purpose of photographing and enlarging the prepared slides of chromosomes?
To identify, pair up, and number each chromosome according to its size, structure, and banding pattern.
62
What are pairs of chromosomes called?
Homologous pairs.
63
What do homologous pairs consist of?
One chromosome from the mother and one from the father.
64
What is the point where chromosomes are attached called?
Centromere.
65
What are the ends of chromosomes known as?
Telomeres.
66
What is the longer arm of a chromosome called?
q arm.
67
What is the shorter arm of a chromosome called?
p arm.
68
What are chromosome pairs 1-22 called?
Autosomes.
69
How many X chromosomes does a male have?
One X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
70
How many X chromosomes does a female have?
Two X chromosomes.
71
What can geneticists study in chromosome pairs to look for anomalies?
Matching pairs of chromosomes.
72
What is the arrangement of actual chromosomes called?
Karyotype.
73
True or False: The sex-determining chromosomes are numbered.
False.
74
Fill in the blank: The arrangement of chromosomes in a karyotype is also referred to as a _______.
idiogram.
75

Bio Genetics (1 decks)

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