Genetics

Question 1

What is the basic unit of heredity?

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

True or False: DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a gene is known as its __________.

Answer 3

phenotype

Question 4

What are the two main types of cell division involved in genetics?

Answer 4

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 5

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a sex-linked trait?

Answer 5

Color blindness

Question 6

Define homozygous.

Answer 6

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Question 7

What is the role of ribosomes in genetics?

Answer 7

They synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Question 8

True or False: Alleles are different versions of a gene.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The observable characteristics of an organism are called its __________.

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 10

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the physical expression.

Question 11

Multiple Choice: Which process results in the formation of gametes?

Answer 11

Meiosis

Question 12

What is a Punnett square used for?

Answer 12

To predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Question 13

True or False: A dihybrid cross involves two traits.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The genetic makeup of an organism is known as its __________.

Answer 14

genotype

Question 15

What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 15

It carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Question 16

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation?

Answer 16

Transcription

Question 17

What does the term ‘codominance’ mean?

Answer 17

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed.

Question 18

True or False: Genetic variation is important for the survival of a species.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The law of __________ states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.

Answer 19

segregation

Question 20

What is the purpose of genetic engineering?

Answer 20

To modify an organism’s DNA for desired traits.

Question 21

Multiple Choice: Which of the following scientists is known for the laws of inheritance?

Answer 21

Gregor Mendel

Question 22

What is an example of a trait that is controlled by multiple genes?

Answer 22

Human height

Question 23

True or False: Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The process by which DNA is copied is called __________.

Answer 24

replication

Question 25

What is a pedigree chart used for?

Answer 25

To track inheritance patterns of traits in families.

Question 26

Multiple Choice: What type of inheritance pattern does blood type exemplify?

Answer 26

Codominance and multiple alleles

Question 27

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 27

It transports amino acids to the ribosome.

Question 29

What is mitosis?

Answer 29

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Question 30

What is meiosis?

Answer 30

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes.

Question 31

True or False: Mitosis produces four daughter cells.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Fill in the blank: Mitosis occurs in _____ cells.

Answer 32

somatic

Question 33

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 33

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Question 34

How many chromosomes are produced in meiosis?

Answer 34

Four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

Question 35

Multiple Choice: Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Telophase

Answer 35

B) Metaphase

Question 36

True or False: Crossing over occurs during meiosis.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

Answer 37

To enable growth and repair by producing identical cells.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Meiosis results in _____ diversity among offspring.

Answer 38

genetic

Question 39

What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 39

Mitosis results in identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells.

Question 40

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a stage of meiosis? A) Prophase I B) Metaphase I C) Telophase II D) Cytokinesis III

Answer 40

D) Cytokinesis III

Question 41

What is the role of spindle fibers in mitosis?

Answer 41

To help separate the chromosomes during cell division.

Question 42

True or False: Mitosis occurs in reproductive cells.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 43

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

Question 44

Fill in the blank: During _____, the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Answer 44

prophase

Question 45

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 45

The division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis.

Question 46

Multiple Choice: How many times does the cell divide in meiosis? A) Once B) Twice C) Three times D) Four times

Answer 46

B) Twice

Question 47

True or False: Mitosis is responsible for producing gametes.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 48

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The main purpose of meiosis is to produce _____ for sexual reproduction.

Answer 49

gametes

Question 50

What is the difference between somatic and germ cells?

Answer 50

Somatic cells are body cells, while germ cells are involved in reproduction.

Question 51

Multiple Choice: At what stage do chromosomes become visible? A) Interphase B) Prophase C) Telophase D) Metaphase

Answer 51

B) Prophase

Question 52

True or False: Meiosis results in genetically identical cells.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

What is the significance of genetic variation in meiosis?

Answer 53

It increases the diversity of a population, which is important for evolution.

Question 54

What is meiosis?

Answer 54

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells.

Question 55

True or False: Meiosis occurs in somatic cells.

Answer 55

False: Meiosis occurs in germ cells.

Question 56

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

Answer 56

The main purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.

Question 57

Fill in the blank: During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _____.

Answer 57

anaphase I

Question 58

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 58

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

Question 59

When does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

Answer 59

Nondisjunction can occur during either meiosis I or meiosis II.

Question 60

True or False: Nondisjunction can lead to aneuploidy.

Answer 60

True: Nondisjunction can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy.

Question 61

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 61

Aneuploidy is a condition in which the number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid number.

Question 62

In which phase of meiosis II does nondisjunction occur?

Answer 62

Nondisjunction can occur in metaphase II.

Question 63

Fill in the blank: If nondisjunction occurs during metaphase II, it affects _____ chromatids.

Answer 63

sister

Question 64

What are the possible outcomes of nondisjunction in meiosis?

Answer 64

The outcomes can include trisomy, monosomy, or normal chromosome number.

Question 65

Which chromosome abnormality is associated with Down syndrome?

Answer 65

Trisomy 21.

Question 66

True or False: Nondisjunction can only occur in meiosis.

Answer 66

False: Nondisjunction can occur in both meiosis and mitosis.

Question 67

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Answer 67

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

Question 68

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a result of nondisjunction? A) Normal chromosome number B) Trisomy C) Monoploidy

Answer 68

B) Trisomy

Question 69

What is the role of spindle fibers during meiosis?

Answer 69

Spindle fibers help to separate chromosomes and chromatids during cell division.

Question 70

Fill in the blank: During meiosis, crossing over occurs in _____.

Answer 70

prophase I

Question 71

What is the significance of crossing over?

Answer 71

Crossing over increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Question 72

True or False: All errors in meiosis lead to visible genetic disorders.

Answer 72

False: Some errors may not lead to visible effects or may result in miscarriages.

Question 73

What is the outcome of a gamete with an extra chromosome?

Answer 73

It can lead to a zygote with aneuploidy after fertilization.

Question 74

Multiple choice: Which of the following disorders is caused by a sex chromosome aneuploidy? A) Turner syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Both A and B

Answer 74

C) Both A and B

Question 75

Fill in the blank: The process of _____ ensures that genetic material is accurately distributed during meiosis.

Answer 75

meiosis

Question 76

What can increase the risk of nondisjunction?

Answer 76

Advanced maternal age is a known risk factor for nondisjunction.

Question 77

True or False: Nondisjunction only affects female gametes.

Answer 77

False: Nondisjunction can affect both male and female gametes.

Question 78

What happens to the gametes produced by a cell that underwent nondisjunction?

Answer 78

They may contain either an extra chromosome or one fewer chromosome than normal.