Genetics Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells.

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2
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes

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3
Q

Allele

A

Alternate form of a gene

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins within a nucleus

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Composed of chromatin and contains the hereditary units, or genes.

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6
Q

Homologous Chromosomes (homologues)

A

Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits.

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division.

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8
Q

Diploid cell

A

Twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes

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9
Q

Haploid cell

A

Half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of a sperm nucleus and an oocyte nucleus to create a zygote

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward appearance of an organism caused by the genotype and environmental influences

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12
Q

Dihybrid

A

Individual that is heterozygous for two traits.

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13
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Inheritance pattern in which there are more than two alleles for a particular trait

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14
Q

Genotype

A

Combinations of alleles

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15
Q

Homologues

A

Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits.

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid sex cell; an oocyte or a sperm that joins during fertilization to form a zygote

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17
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Due to crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis , off-spring do not have the same genetic makeup as either parent.

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18
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis ( the connection of chromosome pairs during meiosis) of meiosis

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19
Q

Independent assortment

A

Alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles.

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20
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis

21
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate

22
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes separate, pulled to opposite poles by the centromeric spindle fibres.

23
Q

Telophase I

A

Daughter cells ave one chromosome from each homologous pair

24
Q

Interkinesis

A

Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replications takes place.

25
Prophase II
Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair
26
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
27
Anaphase II
Daughter chromosomes move toward the poles
28
Telophase II
Spindle disappears, nuclei form, and cytokinesis takes place
29
Daughter Cells
Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
30
Recessive allele
Hereditary factor that expresses itself in the phenotype only when the genotype is homozygous
31
Dominant allele
Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote; it masks the expression of the recessive allele
32
homozygous
Having identical alleles, which could be AA or aa for a given trait; pure breeding.
33
heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given trait, Aa
34
Monohybrids
Individual that is heterozygous for one trait
35
Co-dominance
Three phenotypes (one per genotype) and the third one is a combination of the other two ex. roan cow
36
Epistasis
More than one pair of genes for ONE trait
37
Incomplete dominance
Three phenotypes (one per genotype) and the third one looks like a blend ex. skin colour
38
Multi-allelic genes
One pair of genes with more than 2 alleles
39
Carrier
Heterozygous woman who has no apparent abnormality but can pass on an allele for a recessively inherited genetic disorder
40
Autosomes
Any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes
41
Sex chromosomes
Chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; in humans, females have two X chromosomes, and males have an X and Y chromosome
42
Sex-linked
Allele that occurs on the sex chromosomes but may control a trait having nothing to do with the sexual characteristics of an individual
43
Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis
Mitosis: Cell division to produce more cell growth Meiosis: Is the process as part of sexual reproduction in which the gametes (23 chromosomes from each parent) to form a zygote
44
Difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis I: During Telophase the daughter cells form | Meiosis II: This is where the sister chromatids separate
45
A-sexual reproduction:
- One parent is needed | - Cell division by mitosis produces cells
46
Sexual reproduction:
- Two parents (46 chromosomes - diploid) - Cell division by meiosis - Sex cells (gametes) produce half the number of chromosomes (23)
47
Tetrad
A grouping of four chromatids that have similar genes. This is where crossing over may occur
48
Principle of Segregation:
genes exist in pairs, which 
segregate randomly when gametes are formed and then recombine into pairs at fertilization
49
Principle of Dominance:
heterozygous, then one version will dominate and the other will disappear. The recessive version of the gene will only show up as a trait 
when an individual inherits two copies of the recessive, or is 
homozygous recessive.