genetics Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
types of prenatal genetic analysis
A
Karyotype, FISH, microarray, genome sequencing
2
Q
how many generations should be tested in the genetic work-up?
A
2-3 generations
3
Q
what should be used in the standard pedigree info?
A
initials/names of family ages or DOB ages and cause of death details of a disorder min of 2-5 generations ethnic background including religious group
4
Q
who are at-risk family members?
A
consanguinity ashkenazi jews african, mediterranean BRCA caucasians
5
Q
what is termed as the physical location of a gene?
A
locus
6
Q
what is the version of a gene? letter used to represent a gene
A
allele
7
Q
what is considered a “normal” allele?
A
wild-type
8
Q
what is considered an abnormal version of the gene associated with a trait/disorder?
A
mutant
9
Q
structures which house the gene
A
chromosome
10
Q
how many chromosomes do we have?
A
46 (23 pairs)
11
Q
what is the “central dogma”
A
process of replication, transcription and translation
12
Q
what is the message(nucleotides) encoded in RNA called? 3 letter words
A
codon
13
Q
what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
A
autosomes
14
Q
What are a combination of alleles at adjacent locations on a chromosome that are inherited together. Or a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
A
haplotype
15
Q
Production of RNA using DNA code as template
A
transcription
16
Q
Production of a protein using RNA code as template
A
Translation
17
Q
Actively forming the string of proteins in to a 3D form that can be used by the body
A
folding
18
Q
sites at which a single letter in the DNA code has been swapped for a single alternate letter
A
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
19
Q
Produces a new cell with the same number of chromosomes as the original
A
mitosis
20
Q
Occurs in Germ cells, Two phases
A
meiosis
21
Q
Occurs with autosomes (somatic)
A
mitosis
22
Q
most compact phase of mitosis?
A
metaphase
23
Q
two nuclear membranes form in which stage of mitosis?
A
telophase
24
Q
The centromere splits, start to draw to opposite ends during which stage of mitosis?
A
anaphase
25
This is when different mutations occur on the same gene
allelic heterogeneity
26
This occurs when different genes cause the same disease (e.g. hearing loss)
Locus/non-allelic heterogeneity
27
This occurs when different phenotypes occur with mutations on the same gene (e.g. RET gene lic heterogeneity associated with Hirschprungs and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Phenotypic heterogenity
28
what is penetrance?
when you inherit the gene, but are "normal" - incomplete penetrance (Ex BRCA)
29
what is expressivity?
seen in all that have the gene, but expressed differently (variable expressivity, such as Marfan's)
30
Increased severity in subsequent generations
CNS disorders
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
HD, Myotonic dystrophy
anticipation
31
what is x-linked?
no male to male, all daughters of males are carriers
32
what is co-dominance?
both alleles of the gene pair contribute to the phenotype (blood groups)
33
what are examples of non-mendelian inheritance?
genomic imprinting
mosaicism
mitochondrial DNA mutations
34
autosomal dominant disorders
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huntington disease
myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis,Tuberous Sclerosis
Urinary Polycystic Kidney Disease, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Marfan’s syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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35
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
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Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs Disease
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Galactosemia
Homocystinuria
Lysosomal storage disease
Fredereich ataxia
Spinal muscular atrophy
```
36
X-Linked Disorders
Male-hemizygous (Y not homologous to X)
Heterozygous female can manifest some symptoms (less than male)
Example: G6PD deficiency
37
example of y-linked disorder
sertoli-only cell syndrome (complete absence of germ cells in testis)
38
what are mitochondrial disorders?
maternal inheritance, leber hereditary optic neuropathy
39
what is mosaicism?
Mitotic errors develop early and result in two or more populations of cells with different chromosomal information in the same person.
Common in X, Y
Occurs post-zygotically
40
This chromosome occurs when two broken ends of the same chromosome fuse
ring
41
This is when a chromosome breaks and the fragment re-attaches to the original chromosome in a reverse orientation
inversion
42
This is when a chromosome lacks certain genes or there is an absence of a segment of DNA.
deletion
43
I am a point mutation that exhanges a nucelotide for another one= changes in amino acids. may affect protein function
missence
44
sickle cell disease is an example of what type of mutation?
missence
45
I am a point mutation changing a codon for an amino acid into a STOP codon.Usually non-functional
nonsense
46
autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas. average age of onset is 18-24 years
NF2 (bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis, or central NF)
47
autosomal dominant disorder which manifests in the 3rd or 4th decade and leads to complaints of muscle stiffness and is evidenced by the marked delay that occurs before affected muscles can relax after a contraction
myotonic dystrophy
48
what is the most life threatening inherited disease worldwide? characterized by numerous fluid-filled cysts that result in massive enlargement of the kidneys
polycystic kidney disease
49
difference between Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney disease and autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive is a disease of childhood and linked to hetogenous mutations in a single gene.
autosomal dominant mostly seen in adults which leads to uncontrolled/regulated cell growth
50
Gene that provides instructions for making a protein called fibrocystin (sometimes known as polyductin) which is present in adult and fetal kidney cells.
PKHD I
51
what is the function of PKHD I that we are concerned with in PKD?
cell proliferation
52
autosomal dominant disorder where the person will have hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and has a nearly 100% risk of developing CA by middle age if colon is not surgically removed
Familiar Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
53
what do FAP patients present with?
numerous colorectal ademonas by the second or third decade of life
54
autosomal dominant disorder which causes defects in in collagen and other proteins of various tissues. patients will have skin elasticity, joint hypermobility, tissue fragility, multiple ecchymoses, and subcutaneous pseudotumors
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
55
autosomal dominant connective-tissue disorder. cardinal features: tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilation, and aortic dissection
marfan syndrome
56
what percentage of marfan's patients have an affected parent?
3/4
57
is marfan syndrome fully penetrant?
yes
58
marfan syndrome results from mutations in which gene?
fibrillin I gene which encodes for the glycoprotein fibrillin - a major building block of microfibrils, which constitute the structural components of the suspensory ligament of the lens
59
abnormalities involving microfibrils in marfan's weaken what?
the aortic wall, which leads to progressive aortic dilation and eventual aortic dissection
60
4 major diagnostic findings for marfan syndrome
dilation or dissection of the aorta@ level of the sinuses of valsalva
ectopia lentis
dural ectasia
4 or 8 specific skeletal features
61
autosomal dominant. this is the "receptor disease" caused by a mutation of the gene encoding the receptor fo rLDL, which is involved in the transport and metabolism of cholesterol
familial hypercholesterolemia - as a consequence of the receptor abnormalities there is a loss of feedback control and the patient will develop elevated cholesterol levels. 1 in 500 individuals
- heterozygotes with one mutant gene: 2-3 fold elevation in plasma cholesterol
- Homozygotes: most severely affected, 5-6 fold increase in plasma cholesterol levels
62
co-dominant disorder where there is a deficiency of the protease inhibitor alpha I-antitypsin which results in a predisposition to pulmonary emphysema and hepatic cirrhosis. accounts for approximately 2% of COPD cases in america
alpha I antitrypsin Deficiency
63
autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the PAH gene which codes for pheylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine in the liver. part of newborn screen, with strict adherence to diet can avoid most of the symptoms.
PKU
64
clinical signs/symptoms of PKU
fair skin, blonde hair, blue eyes.
mental retardation, hyperactivity, seizures and eczema characterize untreated patients. hallmark sign "mousy" odor of hair, skin and specifically urine
65
treatment of PKU
restrict dietary pheylalanine and supplement tyrosine
66
autosomal recessive disorder caused by almost total I-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency. accumulation of galactose I-phosphate which results in injury to parenchymal cells of the kidney, liver and brain
galactosemia
Tx is a galactose free diet
67
autosomal recessive disorder involving a gene that is involved in copper transport. leads to increased copper storage and ultimately liver disease
wilson's disease
68
when does wilson's disease first appear?what is the initial feature?
between ages of 6 and 40. liver disease (jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite and abdominal swelling)
69
autosomal recessive disease causing hexosaminidase A deficiency. Ashkenazi jews. relentless deterioration of mental and physical abilities which commences at six months of age and usually results in death by the age of four
Tay Sachs
*no treatment for these patients
70
most common cause of inherited MR
fragile X syndrome
71
clinical features of fragile X
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large protruding ears
large testes
elongated face
stereotypic movements (hand flapping)
CGG trinucleotide repeated
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72
chromosomal abnormality involing absence of all or part of one X chromosome (X monosomy). most common sex chromosome abnormality of human females. (45, XO karyotype)
turner syndrome
73
keys to diagnosis of turner syndrome
short stature with normal GH levels
hypogonadism
primary amenorrhea or early ovarian failure
epicanthal folds, webbed neck, short fourth metacarpals
renal and cardiovascular anomalies
74
syndrome characterized by severe hypotonia and feeding difficulties in early infancy followed in later infancy or early childhood by excessive eating and gradual development of morbid obesity
prader willi syndrome
75
down's syndrome, major cause of mental retardation. chromosome count is 47
trisomy 21
76
characteristics of trisomy 21
Flat facial profile
Oblique palpebral fissures
Epicanthic folds
Predisposed to Leukemia, Congenital Heart disease and early Alzhiemers
77
edwards syndrome, associated with severe intellectual disability, many infants die within their first month
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Low birth weight
Small, abnormally shaped head
small jaw and mouth
Clenched fists with overlapping fingers; heart defects
Abnormalities of other organs.
```
trisomy 18
78
patau syndrome. nearly 50% die within the first month, relatively few survive past 3 years of age
Holoprosencephaly
Eye anomalies (microphthalmia, anophthalmia, or coloboma)
Cleft lip and palate
Polydactyly
Cardiac defects
Low birth weight
trisomy 13
79
characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a man's cells. may be taller than average
XYY - most males with this have normal sexual development and are able to father children
Associated with an increased risk of learning disabilities and delayed development of speech and language skills.
Delayed development of motor skills (such as sitting and walking), hypotonia, motor tics, and behavioral and emotional difficulties are also possible.
These characteristics vary widely among affected boys and men
80
trisomy X, characterized by the presence of an additional X chromosome in each of a female's cells. may be taller than average
XXX
81
one of the most frequent forms of genetic disease involving the sex chromosomes as well as one of the most common causes of hypogonadism in males.
Klinefelter syndrome - rarely diagnosed before puberty
82
this is a component of the 22QII deletion syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome - fairly common (1 in 4,000), often missed because of variable clinical features
83
clinical features of DiGeorge Syndrome
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congenital heart defects
abnormalities of the palate
facial dysmorphism
developmental delay
Variable degrees of T-cell immunodeficiency
Hypocalcemia
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