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Biology GR 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of hereditary and variation

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2
Q

Hereditary

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

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3
Q

Polyploid

A

More than double the regular number of chromosomes

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4
Q

Gene

A

A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait

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5
Q

Cloning

A

The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue

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6
Q

What are the 3 reasons why cells reproduce asexually?

A

1) Growth
2) Repair
3) Replacement

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

An organized package of DNA

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 from each parent)

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9
Q

Describe what the 23 pairs of chromosomes do.

A

The first 22 pairs code for genes and the last pair codes for the sex of the individual

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10
Q

Alleles

A

The different variations that control traits in genes

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11
Q

In each trait how many alleles are there?

A

2 (one from each parent)

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12
Q

What is the goal of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic Variety

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13
Q

What are the 2 key processes of sexual reproduction?

A

1) Gametes

2) Fertilization

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14
Q

Meiosis

A

The 2 stages process of cell division that produces haploid gametes

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15
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

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16
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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17
Q

Spermtogenesis

A

The production of mature sperm cells

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18
Q

Oogenesis

A

The production of mature egg cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 divisions of meiosis?

A

1) Meiosis I

2) Meiosis II

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20
Q

Homologous Pairs

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes that carry information for the same genes

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21
Q

Whats another name for Homologous Pairs?

A

Tetrads

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22
Q

Random Assortment

A

The 4 possible ways the homologous pairs can be arranged during metaphase and separate during anaphase

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23
Q

Karyotyping

A

The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted according to size and type

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24
Q

What is the arrangement of the chromosomes that determines if the individual is male or female?

A

Male: XY
Female: XX

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25
Fertilization
The formation of a zygote by the joining together of 2 gametes
26
Zygote
Cell produced by the fusion of 2 gametes (fertilization)
27
Non-disjunction
The failure of chromosomes or tetrads to separate properly during anaphase. In meiosis I all cells are affected and in meiosis II only half are affected
28
What are the 3 chromosomal diseases?
1) Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) 2) Klinefelters Syndrome (Man looks like women) 3) Turner Syndrome (Women looks like men)
29
Explain the 2 important points about Non- Disjunction.
1) If a gamete with an extra chromosome is fertilized by a normal gamete the zygote will have an extra chromosome called trisomy 2) If the gamete is missing a chromosome and it's fertilized by a normal one the zygote will have only 1 copy of a chromosome called monosomy
30
Tetrad
A pair of homologous chromosomes each with 2 sister chromosomes
31
Synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
32
Crossing Over
The exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
33
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species; the combination determines the sex of the individual
34
Autosomes
Non-sex chromosomes
35
Dominant Allele
The all that if present is always expressed
36
Recessive Allele
The allele that is expressed only if it't not in the presence of a dominant allele
37
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual
38
Phenotype
The individuals outward appearance with respect ro a specific characteristic
39
Homozygous
Offspring gets 2 of the same alleles
40
Heterozygous
Offspring gets 2 different alleles
41
Monohybrid Cross
Crossing of 1 trait
42
Dihybrid Cross
The offspring of two different plants that differ in 2 characteristics
43
Co Dominance
Both colours show
44
Incomplete Dominance
Mix of 2 colours
45
Who was the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
46
What did Gregors experiment consist of? (3 Things)
The use of breeding peas and studying their phenotypes to understand genetics - Illustrate complete dominance offspring with always resemble of the 2 parents and - The dominant allele had the same phenotypic effect whether it was present in one or two copies - All plants displayed dominant or recessive alleles
47
What are the 2 points in the law of segregation?
1) For each characteristic an individual carries 2 genes | 2) Parents donate only one copy of each gene
48
Test Cross
A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait
49
Sex-linked Traits
Alleles that are on the sex chromosomes and are expressed to offspring
50
What are the 3 results of mutations?
1) Serious genetic disorders 2) No immediate affect 3) Better survive in their environment
51
Study the Cell Cycle
.
52
What are the 6 stages of mitosis? (IPMATC)
1) Interphase 2) Prophase 3) Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase 6) Cytokinesis
53
What happens in Interphase?
- Cell grows and forms chromatin containing DNA in the nucleus - Replication of chromosomes results in a pair of sister chromatids that remain attached to the centromere
54
What happens in Prophase
Chromosomes become visible under a microscope and membrane dissolves
55
What happens in Metaphase
Spindle fibres align with the centre of the cell
56
What happens in Anaphase
The chromosome pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cel
57
What happens in Telophase
- Chromosomes reach opposed sides of the cell - Spindle fibres unwind and dissolve - Chromosomes become invisible again and nuclear membrane reforms creating 2 daughter nuclei
58
What happens in Cytokinesis
The cell is duplicated and it's contents slit into 2 separate cells
59
What happens in Prophase II?
Nuclear membrane dissolves and spindle fibers begin to form
60
What happens in Metaphase II?
- Chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres | - Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere
61
What happens in Anaphase II?
- Centromeres split and sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell - Chromatids are now called chromosomes
62
What happens in Telophase II?
With the formation of 4 cells meiosis is over
63
Sickle Cell Trait
Deforms red blood cells into a half moon instead of round affecting its ability to carry oxygen
64
Rhesus
An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
65
Rhesus + vs -
People who have the protein and those who do not
66
Haploid vs Diploid
Haploid: A cell containing half the normal amount of DNA Diploid: A cell containing 2 times the amount of DNA
67
Zygote
A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

Biology GR 11 (4 decks)

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