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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Flower colour in mirabilis jalaba
Flower colour in snapdragon
Feather colour in andausian fowl
Starch grain size in pea

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2
Q

Codominance

A

Coat colour in cattle
MN blood group
AB blood group
Carrier of sickle cell anemia

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3
Q

Multiple allele

A

ABO blood group (3)
Coat colour in rabbit (4)
Self incompatibility in tobacco (4-6)
Eye Colour in drosophila (15)

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4
Q

Alsoloute lethality

A

Haemophilia in females

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5
Q

Sublethality

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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6
Q

Delayed lethality

A

Alzheimer’s

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7
Q

Lethal gene

A

Coat colour in mice (yellow)

Leaf colour in snapdragon (golden)

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8
Q

Pleiotropic gene

A

Pea : seed shape and starch grain size
Pea : flower colour, seed colour, red spot in Axil of leaf
Sickle cell anaemia

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9
Q

Complimentary gene interaction

A

Flower colour in lathyrus odoratus

2 dominant alleles = purple

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10
Q

Suplimentary gene interaction

A

Coat colour in mice
9:3:4
Agouti:black:albino

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11
Q

Dominant epistasis

A

Fruit colour in summer squash
12 : 3 : 1
White : yellow : green
Hair colour in dog

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12
Q

Father of polygenic inheritance

A

Kolrcuter

On tobacco

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13
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Wheat grain colour 2 genes (Nilsson ehle)
Human skin colour 3genes
Human height 5genes
Human intelligence 25genes

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14
Q

Wheat grain colour

A

Nilsson ehle

Red 1
Light red 4
Intermediate 6
Very light red 4
White 1
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15
Q

Human skin colour

A 
Devenport
Black 1
Very dark brown 6
Dark brown 15
Intermediate 20
Light brown 15
Very light brown 6
White 1
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16
Q

Plastid inheritance

A

Leaf/branch colour in mirabilis
Iojap in maize
Albinism in maize (lethal )

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17
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Male sterility in maize
Petite form of yeast
Porky form of neurosporum

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18
Q

Chromosomal theory of inheritance by

A

Sutton and boveri

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19
Q

Who discovered sickle cell anaemia

A

James herrick

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20
Q

Supplementary gene interaction

A 
B black expresses pigment 
A albino no pigment 
aB albino no pigment 
Ab 
A supplementary changes expression of B dominant allele
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21
Q

Contribution of each dominant allele in polygenic inheritance

A

Max ex - min ex / total no of dom allele

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22
Q

Total possible phenotype

A

2n+1

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23
Q

Chromosomal theory of inh proven by

A

Morgan on drosophila

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24
Q

Linkage first seen by

A

Bateson and punnet

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25
Linkage example
``` Lathyrus odoratus Pollen shape : long and round Flower colour : blue red Blue long : coupling Blue round : repulsion ```
26
Complete linkage examples
Male Drosophila | Female silkworm
27
% recombination
=No of recomb / total population * 100 | = distance between genes
28
Body colour( yellow &brown ) and eye colour (red&white)
``` PC = 98.7% RC = 1.3% ```
29
Eye colour (red & white)and wing size(normal& miniature )
``` PC = 62.8% RC = 37.2% ```
30
Number of linkage group
``` (n) Pea 7 Drosophila 4 Maize 10 Bacteria 1 Neurospora 7 Human 23 (female) 24 (males) ```
31
Criss cross inheritance
Diandric (via male) | Diagynic (via female )
32
Non crisscross inheritance
Hologyanic | Holoandric
33
Recessive X linked genes examples
``` Colour blindness Haemophilia Fragile X syndrome Diabetes insipidus Duchene muscular dystrophy (largest gene) ```
34
Dominant x linked gene examples
Pseudo rickets | Defective enamel of teeth
35
Y linked gene examples
``` Testicular determining factor (smallest) Hypertricosis keretoderma Porcupine skin Webbed toe ```
36
XY linked gene example
Epidermolysis
37
discovered colour blindness
Horner
38
Colour blindness for green
Deuteranopia
39
Colour blindness for blue | Autosomal
Trianopia
40
Colour blindness for red
Protanopia
41
Haemophilia discovered by
John Otto
42
Haemophilia A
Royals disease | 8th antihaimophilic globulin absent
43
Haemophilia B
Christmas disease | 9th plasma thromboplastin component
44
Haemophilia C
``` Autosomal 11th PTA ( antecedent ) ```
45
Progamic sex determination
Male honey bee | Before fertilisation
46
Syngamic sex determination
Most plants and animals | At the time of fertilisation
47
Epigamic
Female honey bee | After fertilisation
48
Chromosomal theory of sex determination given by
Stevens and Wilson
49
XX & XY type male heterosexual
Human Drosophila Melandrium
50
XX & XO type male heterogametic
Grasshopper Cockroach Dioscorea Vallisheria
51
ZZ & ZW female heterogametic
Birds | Frageria
52
Genic balance theory given by
CB bridges | In drosophila
53
Sex index ratio = X/A
``` More than 1 super female 1 female 1 to 0.5 intersex 0.5 male Less than 0.5 supermale ```
54
Haploid diploid type of sex determination example
Honey bee Male n=16 Female n=32
55
Cytological basis of sex determination also called as
Lyon hypothesis Dosage compensation Facultative heterochomatisation
56
Number of bar body
= no of x chromosome - 1
57
Chromosomes in superfemale or meta female
XXX
58
chromosomes in klinfelter syndrome
XXY
59
Chromosomes in turners syndrome
XO
60
Number if autosomal chromosomes in 1 down syndrome 2 Edward's syndrome 3 patau syndrome
1 47 2 47 3 47
61
Genotype and phenotype of hair colour in cat | Is black and orange codominant?
``` Male : XB Y black Xb Y orange Female : XB XB black Xb Xb orange XB Xb orange and black No ```
62
E.g. autosomal dominant disorders
Mytonic dystrophy | Polydactyly
63
E.g. of Autosomal Recessive
Albinism Sickle cell anaemia Thalassemia Phenyl ketonuria
64
Parent normal progeny effected
Autosomal or x linked
65
Male and female progeny both are affected
Autosomal disorder
66
Only one male or one female effected progeny
Sex linked
67
Gene frequency
= p + q = 1
68
Genotype frequency
= p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
69
Genetic drift e.g.
Codominance Incomplete dominance Polygenic
70
Who discovered nucleic acid
F meischer
71
Who gave the term nucleic
Altman
72
Who discovered DNA
F meischer
73
Term DNA was given by
Zacharis
74
Double helix model was discovered by
Watson and crick in 1953 | Based on X-ray crystallography of Franklin and wilkins
75
No of glycosidic bonds No of sugar No of phosphate
= number of nitrogen base
76
No of phosphodiester bond
= no of Nbase - 2 | Circular DNA = no of nbase
77
No of nucleotides
= base pair *2
78
Diameter of DNA
20 angstrom
79
Distance between 2 bp
3.4 angstroms
80
No of bp in one turn of DNA
10
81
Length of genome (n)
1.12 meters
82
Chargaff rule
A+G=C+T
83
Base ratio
A+T=G+C | Constant for a species
84
Eukaryotes base ratio
A+T>G+C
85
Prokaryotes base ratio
G+C>A+T
86
Temperature of melting of DNA
Prokaryotes > eukaryotes
87
No of bp in E. coli
4.6 * 10^6
88
No of bp in humans
6.6 * 10^9 (in 2n)
89
Right handed helix DNA A
Regular back bone 23 angstrom diameter 2.56 angstrom between two bp 11 bp per turn
90
Right handed helix DNA B
Regular backbone 20 angstrom diameter 3.4 angstrom btw two bp 10 bp per turn
91
Left handed DNA Z
Zig zag backbone 18 angstrom diameter 3.7 angstrom btw two bp 12 bp per turn
92
Solanide is
6 nucleosome
93
Euchromatin
Loosely packed | Transcriptionally active
94
Heterochromatin
Tightly packed | Transcriptionally inactive
95
Number of nucleosome in 2n cell
3.3 * 10^7
96
In place of histone protein in prokaryotes we have
Polyamine
97
Who discovered transformation
Griffith in streptococcus pneumonia | Direct uptake of DNA
98
Avery carty and macleoid
DNA transfers s type in r type
99
Transduction
Transfer of DNA through bacteriophage Hershey and chase : T2 bacteriophage DNA 32 P radioisotope Protein 35 S radioisotope
100
Single stranded DNA
§ ✖️ 174
101
Double standard rna
Reo virus
102
Semiconservative dna replication
Watson and crick Experimentally proven by Meselson and stahl on ecoli by N15 And Taylor on Vicia faba
103
1 Helicase
Uncoiling of dna | Breaking of h bonds
104
2 topoisomerase
Remove super coiling | Break and join phosphate bonds
105
3 single stranded binding protein
Prevent h bond formation | Prevent hair pin formation
106
4 rna polymerase | RNA primer
RNA polymerase: Formation of rna primer Doesn’t require double stranded attachment RNA primer : Needed to initiate replication DNA polymerase requires double stranded attachment
107
5 DNA polymerase |||
Polymerisation Formation of phospodiester bond Formation of Okazaki segments on logging strand (discontinuous )
108
6 DNA polymerase |
Or kornberg enzyme or proof reading enzyme Removal of rna primer (gap development) Formation of dna (gap filling)
109
7 ligase
Joining of segments of dna
110
ORI in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Single In prokaryotes | More than one in eukaryotes
111
r RNA
``` 80% More stable Insoluble Sync in nucleus Structural and catalytic role Peptide bond formation Binding site for m rna 23S rRNA prokaryotes 28S rRNA eukaryotes ```
112
m RNA
1-5 % Transfer of information of protein synthesis from nucleus to cytoplasm Prokaryotes : Polycistonic ( more than one polypeptide chain) Shinedalgarno sequence (initiate protein syn) Eukaryotes: Monocistonic Capping 5’ & tailing 3’
113
t RNA
``` 10-15% Carry activated amino acid during protein syn Adopter RNA Smallest RNA Soluble Holley : clover leaf model Kim : inverted L shape ```
114
Central dogma given by
Crick | replication↪️DNA➡️transcription➡️RNA➡️translation➡️protein
115
Reverse transcription or teminism
Temin and Baltimore on scarcoma virus | RNA➡️DNA
116
Capping
7 methyl guanosine triphosphate
117
Tailing
Poly A tail | Adenylic acid
118
RNA splicing
hn RNA ➡️ m RNA
119
Genetic code term
George Gamow
120
First genetic code discovered by
Nirenberg and matthae
121
Triplet in nature
George Gamow
122
Overlapping of codon
No of nitrogen base - 2
123
Non ambiguous codon
Exception : GUG valine and methionine
124
Degeneracy of codon
One amino acid sync from more than one codon | Exception : methionine and tryptophan
125
Initiation codon
AUG methionine | GUG
126
Termination or non sense
UAA ochre UAG amber UGA opal
127
Wobble hypothesis given by
Crick
128
One gene one enzyme hypothesis
Beadle and Tatum on neurospora
129
Arginine biosynthesis pathway
Ornithinine➡️citrulline➡️arginine
130
One gene one polypeptide
Yanofsky
131
Operon model by
Jacob and monad on ecoli
132
Switch on enzymes
Z➡️B glactosidase Y➡️ permease A➡️ transacetylase
133
Real inducer in lac operon
Allolactose
134
Constructive gene | House keeping gene
Always active | Gene of respiratory enzyme
135
Non constitutive or smart or luxury
Not always active | Operon
136
Homeotic gene
Organ differentiation
137
Jumping gene or transposon discovery
Barbara Mc Clinton in maize
138
Human genome project
1990-2003
139
Vector in human genome project
Bacterial artificial chromosome | Yeast artificial chromosome
140
Methods in human genome project
Expressed sequence tag | Sequence annotation
141
Largest chromosome
1 (2968 genes)
142
Smallest chromosome
Y (231 genes)
143
Largest gene
DMD (2.4 million bases)
144
Smallest gene
TDF (14 bases)
145
Total genes in humans
30,000
146
Total base pairs in humans
3.3 x 10^9
147
Term mutation
Hugo deviries
148
First mutation reported by
Seth writght in ancon sheep (short legs)
149
Father of induced mutation
Muller | First mutagen X-rays
150
Mutant wheat
MS swaminathan
151
Monosomy
Turner syndrome
152
Trisomy
``` Edward syndrome 18 Patau syndrome 13 Down syndrome 21 Klinfelter syndrome xxy Super female xxx Super male shy ```
153
Transversion substitution point mutation
Sickle cell anaemia
154
Frame shift mutation
Thalassemia

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