Genetics

Question 1

gene

Answer 1

parts of DNA that carry hereditary information

Question 2

allele

Answer 2

different versions of a gene

Question 3

dominant

Answer 3

shows its specific trait even if only one parent passed the gene to the child

Question 4

recessive

Answer 4

shows its specific trait when both parents pass the gene to the child

Question 5

genotype

Answer 5

hereditary information that contain genetic code

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

expressed traits

Question 7

homozygous

Answer 7

two of the same form of a gene –> same alleles (AA or aa)

Question 8

heterozygous

Answer 8

two different forms of one gene –> different alles (Aa or AB)

Question 9

genome

Answer 9

entire genetic material

Question 10

evolution

Answer 10

change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of new species

Question 11

example of evolution through natural selection

Answer 11

antibiotic resistant bacteria

Question 12

causes of variation (genetical)

Answer 12

• mutation
• recombination –> sexual reproduction
• crossing over through mitosis
• migration

Question 13

migration

Answer 13

any form of the introduction of genes from one population to another –> different allele frequencies

Question 14

causes of variation (environmental)

Answer 14

• climate
• diet
• accidents

Exp: flower colour in hydrangeas (these plants produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil)

Question 15

continuous variation

Answer 15

characteristic that changes gradually over a range of values shows continuous variation –> height

Question 16

discontinuous variation

Answer 16

characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation –> blood group

Question 17

selective breeding

Answer 17

humans breed particular animals/plants for particular genetic characteristics

Question 18

procedure of selective breeding

Answer 18

decide on characteristics
choose parents that best show characteristics
choose offspring that best shows characteristics

Question 19

risks of selective breeding

Answer 19

reduced genetic variation –> species prone to certain diseases

rare disease genes accidentally selected

physical problems due to not being formed correctly

Question 20

procedure of genetic engineering

Answer 20

selection of characteristics
isolation of responsible gene
insertion into other organism
replication of transgenic organism

Question 21

transgenic organism/ GMO

Answer 21

genetically modified organism

an organism that carries a gene from another organism

Question 22

isolation

Answer 22

restriction enzymes

isolation of mRNA –> reverse transcriptase produces single strand of complementary DNA

Question 23

recombinant DNA

Answer 23

DNA of the Plasmid that combined with the DNA of the host

Question 24

somatic cell

Answer 24

body cell

Question 25

codominant

Answer 25

genes that have alleles that are equally dominant | --> both expressed equally in the phenotype

Question 26

polygenic characteristics

Answer 26

characteristics controlled by more than just one gene

Question 27

monohybrid inheritance

Answer 27

inheritance of characteristics inherited only by a single gene --> refers to the process of crossing rather than a theoretical crossing with the exact ratio outcomes

Question 28

pure breeding

Answer 28

individuals are homozygous for that gene

Question 29

cross

Answer 29

Kreuzen

Question 30

does a pedigree chart show the phenotypes or genotypes?

Answer 30

phenotypes

Question 31

autosomal

Answer 31

not affecting the sex chromosomes

Question 32

dominant allele

Answer 32

capital letter ; Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele

Question 33

recessive allele

Answer 33

Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant allele ; lower case letter

Question 34

What has to be excluded from a calculation concerning the ratio of offsprings having certain alleles?

Answer 34

dead offsprings

Question 35

can a mutation result in getting a genetic condition?

Answer 35

YES

Question 36

What can you assume when the disease skips no generations?

Answer 36

dominant

Question 37

Can males who are affected by a X-linked disease give the disease to their sons?

Answer 37

No, because they give the sons the Y chromosome

Question 38

What are the five key properties of the genetic code#ß

Answer 38

1) universal --> same code used across all species 2) composed of nucleotide triplets 3) unambiguous (eindeutig) --> same codon encodes from same amino acid/ start/ stop 4) non-overlapping --> each nucleotide part of one codon 5) degenerate --> several codons can encode for the same amino acids

Question 39

What kind of disorder are sex-linked recessive disorders? | Who definitely has the disorder?

Answer 39

X-linked --> each male has disorder

Question 40

Can men of a sex-linked recessive disorder that is lethal at birth be carriers?

Answer 40

No, if they have the malicious X chromosome, they die and won't reproduce

Question 41

Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?

Answer 41

inherited from the mother

Question 42

Who can get an X-linked recessive disease?

Answer 42

only men because they have only one x