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Genetics Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What did the human genome project HGP achieve?

A

The sequencing, structure and functioning of all the genes that make homo sapiens known collectively as the genome

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2
Q

The HGP revealed there are around how many human genes?

A

20,500

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

A genome is an organism’s complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (total gene set)

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4
Q

The human genome has around how many base pairs existing within how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells

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5
Q

Each chromosome contains how many genes?

A

Hundreds to thousands

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6
Q

Each of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human chromosome make an average of how many proteins?

A

3 proteins

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7
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA

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8
Q

What is nutritional genomics?

A

Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenomics, is a science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health. People in the field work toward developing an understanding of how the whole body responds to a food via systems biology, as well as single gene/single food compound relationships.

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9
Q

DNA is kept inside which structures in the cells?

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that contains a specific code

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11
Q

How is the code written in DNA?

A

In 4 letters AGTC as chemical bases (nucleotides)

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12
Q

A genes sequence tells the cell how to make a specific?

A

Protein

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13
Q

Proteins control cellular?

A

Structure and function

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14
Q

Proteins include enzymes, receptors, peptide hormones and?

A

structural building blocks

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15
Q

Variations in ____ is the reason why no two people are the same?

A

Genes

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16
Q

Genetic variation accounts for many inherited traits including?

A
  1. Hair colour
  2. Blood Type
  3. Tendency to gain weight
  4. Nutrient assimilation
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17
Q

Mutations affect ____% of the populations and often cause a predictable condition

A

<1%

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18
Q

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism AKA SNP?

A

A change in a single nucleotide (AGCT) in the genome that causes variations in DNA sequences between members of the same species. Simple typo such as cytosine joined with adenine instead of guanine

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19
Q

Around how many single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs does your genome contain?

A

10,000,000 but only a really small number of polymorphisms effect the protein that is made

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20
Q

What are common, modified by other factors and unable to directly cause disease?

A

SNPs

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21
Q

Responses to common dietary lifestyle factors and influence nutritional needs?

22
Q

What is an allele?

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A

Different version of the same gene

23
Q

SNPs have identification number AKA?

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A

RS numbers which are useful when searching the online medical literature

24
Q

What is a genotype?

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A

How many copies of the gene, if any, contain the variation

25
Everyone has ___ copies of most genes
2 - one from each parent
26
If neither gene copy (from each parent) has a variant the genotype is called?
Wildtype - normal
27
If only one copy of genes from each parent has a variant the genotype is called?
Heterozygous
28
If both gene copies are affected by a variant they are called?
Homozygous
29
What factors can influence the effect of a SNP?
Diet, genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors
30
What is the point of nutrigenomic?
To understand why some people respond differently to the same foods, beverages and supplements they consume due to their genetics
31
How is nutrigenomics applied?
Genetic information is used to investigate how nutrients interact with our genes to impact our health and performance
32
What can up-regulate or down-regulate the expression of some genes?
Diet
33
Diet can also cause epigenetic changes in the genes which are?
Modifications to sequences of genes which can be inherited
34
The sequence of our individual genes can effect our response to?
Diet
35
Before a gene can act on the ingested food or consumed food genes can also influence what?
Food selection (why some people tend to consume more sugar) - e.g. variations in a glucose transporter expressed in regions of the brain that influence appetite - Some people with impaired glucose sensing ability (based on their genetics)
36
What is personalised nutrition in terms of genetics?
Targeted dietary prescriptions for the individual based on genetics and lifestyle
37
What are the three levels of personalised, functional medicine based health?
1. Genetics (SNPs) 2. Epigenetics (phosphorylation) 3. Biochemical (functional biomarkers)
38
Sulforaphane in broccoli can turn off _____ (cancer-initiating or causing genes)
Oncogenes
39
Resveratrol in grape skin can lead to changes in gene expression that cause a shift in what two things?
Energy production and metabolism. Resveratrol can mimic the effects of caloric restriction
40
Food is full of ___ signals?
Information
41
A calorie is to be judged upon __?
The context it comes from
42
Clinical trials need to include genetic variability in _____ as a factor?
SNPs
43
What is the biggest SNP in functional medicine?
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms (MTHFR) - enzyme responsible for turning folate into the available form
44
What are the two different copies of the MTHFR gene?
C677T and A1298C
45
If we have the Wild type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?
We have the full strength of the enzyme
46
If we have the heterozygous type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?
We have some enzyme activity reduced 30-40% - reduced methylation
47
If we have the homozygous type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?
The enzyme activity is reduced by 60-70% - reduced methylation
48
What is the importance of functioning methylation in terms of clinical conditions?
Reduced methylation is associated with Alzheimer's, anxiety, cancer, cognitive decline, depression, heart disease and stroke, OCD and spina bifida in NTDs
49
What can accumulate if we do not have good methylation?
Homocysteine (not beneficial to have in high levels)
50
High homocysteine levels in general may indicate low levels of?
B vitamins (mainly folate)
51
What would the methylation diet contain?
Dark green leafy veg and other B vitamin-rich foods & heathy lifestyle

Nutrition (12 decks)

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