Genetics

Question 1

nucleotides meaning

Answer 1

repeating subunits of DNA

Question 2

3 parts of nucleotides

Answer 2

phosphate
deoxyribose (sugar)
base (A,T,G,C)

Question 3

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) (size)

Answer 3

pyrimidines (smaller)

Question 4

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) (size)

Answer 4

purines (bigger)

Question 5

sides of the DNA ladder (held together by hydrogen bonds)

Answer 5

phosphate and sugar

Question 6

what DNA stands for

Answer 6

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 7

DNA shape

Answer 7

double helix spiral

Question 8

Adenine (A) pairs with:

Answer 8

Thymine (T)

Question 9

Thymine (T) pairs with:

Answer 9

Adenine (A)

Question 10

Guanine (G) pairs with:

Answer 10

Cytosine (C)

Question 11

Cytosine (C) pairs with:

Answer 11

Guanine (G)

Question 12

2 sides of the DNA are held together by:

Answer 12

hydrogen bonds

Question 13

4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder:

Answer 13

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

Question 14

along the strings of DNA are

Answer 14

genes

Question 15

where are genes?

Answer 15

along the strings of the DNA

Question 16

what do hydrogen bonds do?

Answer 16

hold together the 2 sides of the DNA

Question 17

sugar and phosphate are where?

Answer 17

make up the sides of the DNA

Question 18

what do genes do?

Answer 18

carry the information which determine your traits

Question 19

DNA replication meaning

Answer 19

process where DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)

Question 20

what is the process of cell division called?

DNA makes a copy of itself

Answer 20

DNA replication

Question 21

what is semi-conservative replication?

Answer 21

DNA replication where half the old strand is saved

Question 22

what is it called when the cell splits and ‘new’ DNA is added to the ‘old’ strand?

Answer 22

semi-conservative DNA replication

Question 23

semi-conservative replication process

Answer 23

1) an enzyme splits apart the DNA strands

2) complementary base pairs join the old strand by hydrogen bonds to make a new strand identical to the old

Question 24

chromosomes meaning

Answer 24

DNA molecule in the cell nucleus

DNA packaged into chromosomes before cell division

Question 25

chromatid meaning

Answer 25

name for each chromosome after replication

Question 26

centromere meaning

Answer 26

the point where chromosomes are attached to each other

Question 27

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 27

23 pairs

Question 28

how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 28

22 pair of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 29

what is the male sex chromosome pair?

Answer 29

x, y

Question 30

what is the female sex chromosome pair?

Answer 30

x, x

Question 31

why must all cells reproduce?

Answer 31

to replace old cells growth to repair injury offsprings

Question 32

mitosis meaning

Answer 32

process of cell division which results in the production of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

Question 33

what are the stages of mitosis

Answer 33

1) Interphase 2) Prophase 3) Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase & Cytokinesis

Question 34

what is the 1st stage of mitosis?

Answer 34

interphase

Question 35

what is the 2nd stage of mitosis?

Answer 35

prophase

Question 36

what is the 3rd stage of mitosis?

Answer 36

metaphase

Question 37

what is the 4th stage of mitosis?

Answer 37

anaphase

Question 38

what is the 5th stage of mitosis?

Answer 38

telophase & cytokinesis

Question 39

interphase

Answer 39

normal cell process (inbetween)

Question 40

prophase

Answer 40

chromosomes duplicated (appear)

Question 41

metaphase

Answer 41

chromosomes line up (middle)

Question 42

anaphase

Answer 42

chromosomes move apart (apart)

Question 43

telophase & cytokinesis

Answer 43

becomes 2 cells (two)

Question 44

centriole meaning

Answer 44

organelle in an animal cell that functions during reproduction

Question 45

spindle meaning

Answer 45

structure of fibres that stretch between centrioles and move the chromosomes during cell division

Question 46

mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 46

mitosis - in my toes-is (cell division, can occur in your toes) meisosis - making sEx cells

Question 47

haploid meaning

Answer 47

half the number of chromosomes

Question 48

what happens in the process of mitosis?

Answer 48

DNA chromosomes double, then cells split once

Question 49

what happens in the process of meiosis?

Answer 49

DNA chromosomes doubles, then cells split twice (once, then the new ones split 2 to create 4 cells) to produce haploid

Question 50

where does meiosis take place?

Answer 50

in the testes & ovaries (which are in gonads, in the nucleus of the cell)

Question 51

what does meiosis produce?

Answer 51

gametes --> sperm and eggs (haploid cells)

Question 52

why does meiosis take place?

Answer 52

so sexual reproduction can occur

Question 53

asexual reproduction

Answer 53

* 1 parent * mitosis * faster / 'easier' * not good for genetic variation -- offspring is identical

Question 54

sexual reproduction

Answer 54

* 2 parents * meiosis * slower - need to find a mate * good for genetic variation -- traits inherited from both parents * assists evolution (impossible without variation)

Question 55

principle of independent assortment

Answer 55

inheritance of 1 trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait (think yellow/green peas)

Question 56

alleles

Answer 56

different genes (possibilities) for the same trait

Question 57

dominant gene

Answer 57

gene that prevents the other gene from "showing"

Question 58

recessive gene

Answer 58

gene that does not "show" even though it is present

Question 59

TT

Answer 59

homozygous dominant

Question 60

tt

Answer 60

homozygous recessive

Question 61

Tt

Answer 61

heterozygous / hybrid

Question 62

genotype

Answer 62

combination of genes an organism has (TT, Tt, tt)

Question 63

phenotype

Answer 63

physical appearance resulting from gene make up (hitchhikers vs straight thumb)

Question 64

homologous chromosomes

Answer 64

two duplicated chromosomes containing the same genes | divided during meiosis I

Question 65

do genes come in pairs?

Answer 65

yes, they are the same gene on a pair of chromosomes, but they are not necessarily identical (brown/blue eyes)

Question 66

homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids

Answer 66

homologous chromosomes are 2 duplicated chromosomes and sister chromatids are one half of a duplicated chromosome. Homologous chromosomes could contain different variations of the same gene, sister chromatids contain the same exact copy. Homologous - divided during meiosis I Sister - divided during meiosis II

Question 67

sister chromatids

Answer 67

one half of the duplicated chromosome | divided during meiosis II

Question 68

what are punnet squares used for

Answer 68

used to predict the possible gene makeup of offsprings

Question 69

father of genetics

Answer 69

Gregor Mendel

Question 70

who established the structure of DNA?

Answer 70

Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick