genetics - bio Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Segregation and Recombination
A
- when egg and sperm cells are produced, there is a random seperation of homologous chromosomes(alleles
- alleles recombine during fertilization and new gene combinations may be produced
2
Q
Replication Process
A
the double helix structure and Base Pair Rule explain how DNA can be copied or replicated
- enzymes “unzip the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base paors
- the enzyme DNA polymerase joins the individual nucleotides to form the complimentary strand(new strand) to the existing DNA singl;e strand( template)
3
Q
phenotype
A
- the physical appearance of an individual
- represented by the name of each trait
EXAMPLE - tall, short
4
Q
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
Cc
A
HE
5
Q
See Diagram/Table 80
In which situation could a mutation be passed on the offspring of one of the organisms listed in the following table?
1. Ultraviolet radiation causes fruit fly wings cells to undergo uncontrolled division, resulting in cells with 9 chromosomes
2. A cell in the wall of the human uterus undergoes a change, resulting in cells with 47 chromosomes
3. A primary sex cell in a human forms a sperm that contains 23 chromosomes
4. A cell in the ovary of the fruit fly undergoes a chromosomal change the results in 5 chromosomes per egg cell
A
- A primary sex cell in a human forms a sperm that contains 23 chromosomes
6
Q
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
HH
A
HO
7
Q
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
Rr
A
round
8
Q
All babies are _____% the same
A
99.9
9
Q
Humans only have ____ as many genes as fruit flies
A
twice
10
Q
Diagram 78
The diagram shows a portion of a DNA molecule
The base sequence if the un labled strand shown on the diagram is MOST likely:
1. G-A-G-T
2. C-U-C-A
3. T-C-T-G
4. G-A-G-U
A
- G-A-G-T
11
Q
What happened to Franklin in 1956?
A
GOT CANCER
12
Q
What two forms of DNA did Franklin discover?
A
A and B forms
13
Q
Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers
Pp
A
Purple
14
Q
see paragraph 87-91 for each statement write 1 - if the statement is true 2 - if the statement is false 3 - if not enough info
Transplanting genetic material into bacteria is a simple task
A
3 - not enough info
15
Q
Genetic engineering is used in the biotechnology industry to
- eliminate all infections in livestock
- synthesize hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
- increase the frequency of fertilization
- eliminate asexual reproduction
A
- synthesize hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
16
Q
Independent Assortment
A
Genetic crosses involvong two traits
17
Q
Heredity
A
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
18
Q
Size of the human Genome
A
3 Billion base pairs, 22 paired chromosomes
19
Q
23
A
human homologous chromosome pairs
20
Q
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
AA
A
HO
21
Q
The kinds of genes an organism possesses are dependent on the
- type of proteins in the organisms nuclei
- sequence of bases in the organisms DNA
- number of ribosomes in the organisms cytoplasm
- size of the mitochondria in the organismas cell
A
- sequence of bases in the organisms DNA
22
Q
46
A
human Chromosomes
23
Q
Multiple Alleles
A
- a given trait possesses more than two alleles
- BUT, only two alleles may be present within an individual
24
Q
The continued use of insulin from animals may cause harmful side effects in some people
A
1 - true
25
What is the purpose or goal of the human genome project?
To discover more about disease
26
Transcrition Process 3 steps
1. enzymes "unzip" DNA
2. enzyme RNA POLYMERASE produces single stranded mRNA moecule(Base pair ru;e, except A=U-uracil) - no thymine
3. mRNA molecule exits the nucleus and is utilized by ribosomes to produce proteins
27
The diagram represents a portion of a DNA molecule
the letter x represents two bases that are
1. indentical and joined by weak bonds
2. identical and joined by strong bonds
3. a part of the genetic code of the organism
4. amino acids used to build folded protein molecules
3. a part of the genetic code of the organism
28
heterozygous (hybid)
alleles are different in an allelic pair
| EXAMPLE . Tt (heterozygous)
29
_________perform most life functions and make up a majority of cellular__________
proteins, structures
30
Largest huma gene contains ______ million base pairs
2.4 million base pairs
31
Approx. how many genes do humans posess
25,000
32
Genome
complete set of DNA
33
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
Dd
HE
34
Where was Franklins article in the journal Nature on the structure of DNA?
placed at the end
35
Mutation
Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation
- Through insertion, Substitution, Addition, and Inversion of a base from a normal DNA sequence
- only mutations found in sex cells can be inherited
36
```
See diagram 67
Which cell organelle indicated in the following diagram controls the sytesis of enzymes?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
```
2. B
37
Transcription (protein synthesis)
- the production of mRNA (messenger RNA) from DNA in the nucleus of cells
- mRNA contains instructions from DNA of RIBOSOMES to produce proteins
38
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
rr
wrinkled
39
A Dog breeder can determine that the sudden appearance of hairlessness in one of the puppies is a mutationif the dog
1. is still hairless after 5 years
2. shows no change in the hairless condition after its diet is changed
3. develops other conspicuous differences from the parent
4. is bred and the trait is capable of being inherited
4. is bred and the trait is capable of being inherited
40
Gene Linkage
if genes for two different traits (non-allelic paors) are on the same chromosome, they are said to be LINKED and must be inherited.
41
Genetic Engineering
- a new technology the humans us to alter the genetic instructions in organisms
-
42
Translation
- mNRA codons are decoded to form polypeptide chains(amino acid chains---->protiens)
- occurs at the ribosomes within cells
43
Gene Trait examples
1. Height
| 2. Pod Color
44
The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein molecu;le is determained by the sequence of?
1. bases in DNA
2. glucose in DNA
3. ribosomes in the cytoplasm
4. chloroplasts in the vacuoles
1. bases in the DNA
45
Mesenger RNA
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the Nucleus, then enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome
46
Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers
pp
white
47
Dominance
Only one gene in an allelic pair is expressed
- dominant gene is expressed
- recessive gene is NOT expressed
- Example -- pea plant height(tall is dominant, short is recessive)
48
Who wrote the book"The Double Helix"
James Watson
49
When did Franlklin pass away?
April 16, 1958
50
in DNA, the base represented by A always pairs with the base represented by?
1. A
2. T
3. C
4. G
2. T
51
Name the Nitrogenus bases
A - adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
52
Where does Franklin go after she publicizes her article
Birkbeck College
53
What would be most likely to happen if the ribosomes in a cell were not functioning?
1. The cell would undergo uncontrolled mitotic cell division
2. The synthesis of enzymes would stop
3. The cell would produce antibodies
4. The rate of glucose transport in the cytoplasm would increse
2. The sythesis of enzymes would stop
54
In a DNA moecule, the letters A, T, C, and G represent
1. bases
2. sugars
3. starches
4. proteins
1. bases
55
How did he characteize Rosalind Franklin in his book?
A villian
56
What does Franklin call her greatest discovery?
Locating the complex of a virus
57
Incomplete Dominance
- neither allele in an allelic pair is dominant
| - if both alleles are present, both are partially expressed
58
What was the enviroment like for a female scientist?
was excluded from meetings and lunches
59
What misunderstanding occured between Franklin and Maurice Wilkens?
- Who was in charge
| - that Franklin was Wilkins Assistant
60
Base Pair Rule -
- weak hydrogen bonds form between the nirtrgenous bases forming the double helix
- Adenine always apiring with Thymine (A=T)
- Cytosine always Pairing with Guanine (C=G)
61
Sex Linkage
- genes located on the X and Y chromosome are sex linked genes
- gender affects the expression of sex linked genes
62
Which mutation could be passed on to future generations?
1. a gene change in the liver cell
2. cancer caused by excessive exposure to the sun
3. a chromosomal alteration during gamete formation
4. random breakage of a chromosome in a leaf cell of maple tree
3. a chromosomal alteration during gamete formation
63
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
RR
round
64
Sex Determaination
- in humans, one pair of homologous chromosomes determines gender
65
Translation Process
1 - tRNA(transfer RNA) delivers the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome based on its ANTICODON - (complimentary to codon of mRNA)
2 - ribosome assemb;les amino acids in a specific sequence to produce a protien
66
DNA Structure
consists of repeating units called nucleotides
67
Under certainconditions, bacteria reproduce at a rapid rate
1 - true
68
```
DNA . - mRNA
A -
A -
C -
C -
T -
G -
```
mRNA
- u
- u
- G
- G
- A
- C
69
Completing the Polypeptide(Translation)
The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons.
2. The resu;lt is a complete polypeptide
70
What is the role of DNA molecu;les in the synthesis of proteins?
1/ . They catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids
2. They determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein
3. They transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
4. They supply energy for protein sythesis
2. They determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein
71
Approx 3.2 billion
human base pairs
72
DNA parts (3)
1. deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenus bases
73
The bacteria used in these experimants are normally found only in the nerve tissue of humans
2 - false
74
Protiens are made up od chains of
amino acids
75
Chromosome number __ has the most genes and the ___ . chromosome has the fewest
1, Y
76
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
Ee
HE
77
A change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule is most accurately referred to as
1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
2. a chromosomal replication
3. carbohydrate molecule synthesis
4. selective breeding
1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
78
Where did Rosalind Franklin study physics and chemistry? And later offered a position?
Cambridge x 2
79
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes which are the same size and shape
- control same genetic info (same traits, different alleles)
- exist in pairs
80
genotype
- the genetic make-up of an individual
- represented by letters
EXAMPLE TT, Tt, tt
81
James Watson and Francis Crick
- Proposed the Base Pair Rule
| - proposed the structure od DNA to be a double helix
82
in all living cells, DNA controls cellular activities by?
1. determining the order of amino acids in protein molecules
2. regulating the concentration of molecules on both sides of the cell membrane
3. varying the rates of starch synthesis
4. coordinating active and passive transport
1. determining the order of amino acids in protein molecules
83
In recent research , the DNA that codes for a different key enzyme was removed from three different species of soil bacteria. A new bacterium containing DNA for all three key enzymes, could be produced by
1. selective breeding
2. screeing for mutations
3. genetic engineering
4. random alteration
3. genetic engineering
84
In 1962 who was awared the Nobel for the discoverey of the structure of DNA?
Francis Crick
James Watson
Morris Wilkins
85
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
ff
HO
86
Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers
PP
Purple
87
chromosome
Rod-like structures of DNA which contain genetic information.
- contain many genes
88
Only about ___% of your DNA is active
1%
89
The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA
1. directs the production of enzymes
2. is a structuralcomponent of cell membranes
3. directly increases the solubility of nutrients
4. is a major component of the cytoplasm
1. directs the production of enzymes
90
Protein Synthesis
1. The process of synthesizing a protein begins in the nucleus
2. There, the DNA code of a gene is "read" by a special enzyme and used to produce a "messenger" molecule
3. This messenger travels to the ribosmes in the cells cytoplasm
4. With the aid of specilized transfer molecules amino acids are moved to the ribosomes for assembly into protein
5. They are bonded in a specified order b\y the messenger
6. therefore the overall structure is determained by the genes DNA sequence in the nucleus
91
Selective breeding
a process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with traits that are desirable
92
```
See diagram 65
Within a living cell which organelles are necessary for Process B?
1. Ribosomes
2. nucleus
3. vacuoles
4. cell membranes
```
1. ribosomes
93
The Individuality of an organism is determined by the organisms
1. amino acids
2. nitrogen bases
3. DNA sequence
4. order of ribosomes
3. DNA base sequence
94
Punnett Squares
used to predict outcome of genetic crosses
95
Name the 3 parts
1. deoxyribose
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenus bases
96
Gene - definition
a chemical factor (DNA) which determines a trait
97
Gene manipulation
- plants and animals genetically engineered by manipulating their DNA instructions
- the result is new characteristics and new varieties with better traits
- method use: altering genes in organisms using special enzymes and then slicing and moving and attaching segments to the DNA of the new organism
98
When did Franklin ger her best picture? and what did she title it?
May 1952
| Photo 51
99
The individuality of an organism is determined by the
1. sequence of the bases in DNA
2. number of amino acids in a cell
3. position of ribosomes in the cytoplasm
4. number of bases in mitochondria
1. sequence of the bases in DNA
100
Approx 25000?
human different genes
101
What city did Rosalind perfect her work in chrystallography?
Paris
102
Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)
Bb
HE
103
Rosalind Franklin
Discovered the double helix
104
Assume that a section of a double0- stranded DNA contains 100 base paors. If 40 of the pairs contains base C, how many of the pairs would contain base A?
60? Explain to dad
105
Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation if they present in
1. brain cells
2. sex cells
3. body cells
4. muscle cells
2. sex cells
106
DNA function
controls the cellular activities by directing the production of protiens
107
homozygous (pure)
both alleles are the same in an allelic pair
- EXAMPLE TT )homozygous dominant)
tt . (homozygous recessive)
108
Who gave Rosalind Franklin credit for her work in science in his own Nobel speach?
Sir Aaron Clug
109
The insertion of a human DNA fragment into a bacterial cell might make it possible for
1. the bacterial cell to produce a human protein
2. the cloning of the human that donated the DNA fragment
1. the bacterial cell to produce a human protein
110
A change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule is most accurately referred to as
1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
2. a chromosomal replication
3. carbohydrate molecule synthesis
4. selective breeding
1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
111
Polypeptide "Assembly line" (Translation)
1. The ribosomes joins the two amino acides - methionine and phenyla;anine, and breaks the bond between methionine and its RNA.
2. The tRNA floats away from the ribosome, allowing the ribosome to bind another tRNA.
3. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding the new tRNA molecules and amino acids.
112
```
See diagram 65
Within whioch organelle does process A occur?
1. ribosome
2. nucleus
3. vacuole
4. cell membrane
```
2. nucleus
113
Bacteria other than ECOLI are unable to produce insulin
3 - not enough info
