Genetics Chap 4

Question 1

Chromosome

Answer 1

The thing in the nucleus that makes DNA

Question 2

Sister Chromatid

Answer 2

One part of the x, but one chromosome that is identical and held together by the centromere

Question 3

Centromere

Answer 3

The thing that holds the chromosomes together

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

Part of the chromosome that controls what traits come through and are passed along to the next generation

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

The complete set of DNA of an organism

Question 6

Homologous chromosome

Answer 6

A chromosome that has the exact same pattern of genes as another chromosome, they’re a pair. One from mom, one from dad.

Question 7

Sex chromosome

Answer 7

X and Y chromosomes in charge of the sex
They’re the 23rd pair

Question 8

Autosome

Answer 8

The other 22 non sex chromosomes

Question 9

Allele

Answer 9

A different version of a gene for a trait found always on the same spot on a chromosome

Question 10

Karyotype

Answer 10

photos of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

Question 11

Asexual reproduction

Answer 11

It only needs one parent to reproduce and creates genetically identical offspring. ex: bacteria

Question 12

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 12

Needs two parents to give an x and a y to make a genetically unique offspring

Question 13

Gamete

Answer 13

Male or female reproductive cell

Question 14

Zygote

Answer 14

A cell formed by the fusion of two gametes
(egg n sperm)

Question 15

Fertilization

Answer 15

when male and female haploid gametes join together and make a zygote

Question 16

Haploid

Answer 16

a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as a parent cell after meiosis

Question 17

Diploid

Answer 17

a cell that contains a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 18

Spermatogenesis

Answer 18

process that produces male gametes or sperm in mammals

Question 19

Oogenesis

Answer 19

process that produces female gametes or eggs in mammals involves an unequal division of cytoplasm

Question 20

Non-disjunction

Answer 20

when homologous chromsome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

Question 21

Monosomy

Answer 21

when you lose a chromosome to non-disjunction

Question 22

Trisomy

Answer 22

when you get an extra chromosome from non-disjunction

Question 23

Deletion

Answer 23

a piece of the chromosome is deleted

Question 24

Duplication

Answer 24

a sections of the chromosome appears 2 or 3 times in a row

Question 25

Inversion

Answer 25

a section of the chromosome is inverted

Question 26

Translocation

Answer 26

a segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome

Question 27

Independent assortment

Answer 27

random assortment of homologous chromosome pairs

Question 28

Selective breeding

Answer 28

breeding plants and animals for the traits you want

Question 29

artificial insemination

Answer 29

sperm is collected before being transferred to a female's reproductive system

Question 30

IVF

Answer 30

technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the body, called petri dish kids

Question 31

Prophase I

Answer 31

Homologous chromosomes line up in synapsis, then they cross over and exchange genetic material

Question 32

Meta I

Answer 32

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in pairs side by side and spindle fibers attach

Question 33

Anaphase I

Answer 33

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to different sides of the cell but together. centromeres do not split. Chromosome number is split from 2n diploid to n haploid

Question 34

Telophase I

Answer 34

chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibers dissapear. Cytokinesis happens and then two cells form, each of the cells now a haploid with 23 chromosomes

Question 35

Meiosis II

Answer 35

same but now the cell that does meiosis is a haploid. in meta 2 they line up like in mitosis and then they split into 4 haploid cells.

Question 36

Key outcomes of meiosis

Answer 36

Genetic reduction: meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell Genetic recombination: Products of meiosis have different combos of alleles. genetic recombination makes the offspring different from its parent, and makes the population unique genetically

Question 37

synapsis

Answer 37

pairing of two homologous chromosomes