Genetics Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

Study of inheritance - How things were inherited

Question 2

Phenotypes

Answer 2

Observed Traits

Question 3

Molecular TRANSMISSION of Hereditary Material

Answer 3

(DNA,GENOTYPE)

Question 4

Molecular EXPRESSION of Hereditary Material

Answer 4

(RNA, Proteins)

Question 4

Locus / Loci

Answer 4

Chunk of DNA with function

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

A stretch of DNA that encodes

Question 6

What is DNA

Answer 6

DNA is a linear polymer (repeated units) of nucleotides.

Question 6

A nucleotide is composed of

Answer 6

• Phosphate Group
• Deoxyribose Sugar (5 Carbon Sugar)
• Nitrogenous Space ( Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine)

Question 7

Describe DNA structure

Answer 7

DNA strands are ANTI parallel (Double helix)

Two paired DNA strands are complimentary

Reverse complements - A,T & C,G
DNA strands have polarity: 5’ and 3’ ends

Outside is very water soluble, inside is water repellent - Nitrogen bases are inward, and sugar phosphate is outward

Genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotide in DNA

DNA is contained in chromosomes (which also has a protein)

Question 8

What is a genome ?

Answer 8

Total DNA of an organism

• Genes are coded information for building proteins or building RNA

Question 9

DNA Splicing

Answer 9

When DNA is transcribed into RNA it needs to remove introns

Introns get cut out bc they intervene

Introns are way larger than exons

Exons are left because they are protein-coding regions

When the protein regions are being created that called translation

Question 10

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Answer 10

• DNA transcribed into mRNA, Translated into protein
• mRNA is a compliment of DNA but protein is a diff language

Question 11

What is the RNA start Codon ?

Answer 11

AUG (it can never be right at the start)

Question 12

What are the parts of a protein

Answer 12

• Amino Group
• Side chain 1 (can change AND UNQIUE to every amino acid)
• Carboxyl Group (COOH)

Question 13

Describe RNA strands

Answer 13

• Single strands that are complementary to DNA strand

Question 14

Who first sequenced peptides / proteons

Answer 14

Frederick Sanger (Insulin, 1955)

Question 15

When was the first gene sequences

Answer 15

1972

Question 16

First genome found

Answer 16

1977

Question 17

Human genome project is launched in

Answer 17

1990 ($3B)

Question 18

The human genome has _ pairs of

Answer 18

22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sec chromosomes

Haploid

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

a linear polymer of amino acids that folds into a particular shape

Question 21

RNA

Answer 21

a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instructions in DNA

Question 22

Intron

Answer 22

part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

Question 23

Complimentary

Answer 23

G–C and A–T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

Question 24

Mutation

Answer 24

alteration of DNA sequence

Question 25

Exons

Answer 25

part of a gene that can contain protein coding information

Question 26

Chromosomes

Answer 26

DNA structures that contain genes

Question 27

Gene

Answer 27

DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

Question 28

Genome

Answer 28

the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

Question 29

Nucelotide

Answer 29

subunit of the DNA macromolecule

Question 29

DNA

Answer 29

a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

Question 30

The only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Answer 30

Uracil

Question 31

a macromolecule composed of a string of subunits

Answer 31

Protein and DNA

Question 32

four different subunits

Answer 32

DNA

Question 33

Composed of Nucleotides

Answer 33

DNA

Question 34

20 different subunits // composed of amino acids

Answer 34

Protein

Question 35

contains a code used to generate other macromolecules

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

performs chemical reactions

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

are the triplets usually written as DNA or RNA? Why do you think this is?

Answer 37

The triplets are usually written as RNA because of the various combinations of amino acids. It is used to specify which amino acid is apparent.

Question 38

There are two amino acids that are each specified only by a single triplet. Identify these two amino acids and the corresponding nucleotide triplets.

Answer 38

AUG - Met (start) // UGG - Trp

Question 39

If you know the sequence of amino acids in a protein, can you predict the exact sequence of nucleotides in the gene that specifies that protein? Why or why not?

Answer 39

No, an amino acid can correspond to more than one codon.

Question 40

Why do scientists think that all forms of life on earth have a common origin?

Answer 40

All scientists think that all forms of life on earth have a common origin because many distinct organisms have the same genetic code as well as similar amino acid sequences which encode proteins.