Genetics, Conception and Fetal development

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

Person’s genetic make up

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

How genes are outwardly expressed; hair color, eye color, height

Question 3

Importance of genetics and genomics

Answer 3

Prevent diseases
predict diseases
diagnose diseases
develop treatment plans.

Question 4

List recessive genetic diseases

Answer 4

Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Tay-sach’s disease
Phenylketonuria

Question 5

What are some dominant genetic diseases?

Answer 5

Huntington’s disease

Question 6

Sex linked genetic diseases

Answer 6

Hemophilia
Duchene’s muscular dystrophy

Question 7

What are some of the risk factors to genetic disorders?

Answer 7

maternal age > 35
History of previous pregnancy resulting in abnormalities
One or both parents with genetic disorders
Family history

Question 8

Why is it important for parents to use gene therapy?

Answer 8

Prepare to raise a child with genetic disorders
Seek counselling on whether to keep or terminate the pregnancy.

Question 9

What are teratogens?

Answer 9

Drugs, viruses, infections, or other exposures that may cause fetal abnormalities.

Question 10

Phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 10

Follicular
Ovulatory
Luteal

Question 11

Follicular phase

Answer 11

1st day of menstruation to 12-14 days
The LH and FSH cause the Graafian follicle to mature and produce estrogen

Question 12

Ovulatory phase

Answer 12

Peak of estrogen to release of the egg (oocyte).

Question 13

Luteal phase

Answer 13

After ovulation for 14 days.
Empty follicle forms the corpus luteum
High progesterone and low estrogen

Question 14

Endometrial cycle

Answer 14

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstrual phase

Question 15

Proliferative phase

Answer 15

Menstruation to ovulation
Endometrium becomes thicker and vascular due to increasing estrogen levels

Question 16

Secretory phase

Answer 16

Ovulation to menstruation
Progesterone from Corpus luteum is main hormone

Question 17

Menstrual phase

Answer 17

Expulsion of endometrial tissue

Question 18

Zygote

Answer 18

Fertilized oocyte

Question 19

Embryo

Answer 19

First 8 weeks

Question 20

Fetus

Answer 20

From 9 weeks

Question 21

Ductus venosus

Answer 21

Umbilical vein to IVC

Question 22

Right atrium to left atrium

Answer 22

Foramen ovale

Question 23

Left ventricle to aorta

Answer 23

Ductus arteriosus

Question 24

Amnion is the _____membrane
Chorion is the ______ membrane

Answer 24

Amnion - inner
Chorion- outer

Question 25

What are the functions of the amniotic fluid?

Answer 25

From maternal movements From amniotic membrane Thermal environment Freedom of movement-musculoskeletal development

Question 26

At 34 weeks amniotic fluid peaks at At term the amniotic fluid reduces to

Answer 26

800-1000 500-600

Question 27

Polyhydramnios

Answer 27

Excess amniotic fluid- 1500-2000

Question 28

Oligohydramnios

Answer 28

Decreased amount of amniotic fluid 500 at term of 50% reduction

Question 29

Functions of the placenta

Answer 29

Metabolic and gas exchange Hormone production

Question 30

When is the placenta fully functional?

Answer 30

Between the 8th and 10th week

Question 31

________ carries waste products and deoxygenated blood from fetus

Answer 31

Chorionic villus artery

Question 32

_________ returns oxygenated blood and nutrients to fetus

Answer 32

Chorionic villus vein

Question 33

What is Wharton’s jelly?

Answer 33

A collagenous substance that protects the vessels from compression

Question 34

Why does the nurse assess and document the number of cord vessels after delivery?

Answer 34

Newborns with two vessels, one artery and one vein have 20% chance of having cardiac or vascular defect.

Question 35

List causes of infertility (Male)

Answer 35

* Endocrine causes * Gonadotoxins affecting spermatogenesis * Sperm antibodies * Blocked sperm transport factors * Intercourse disorders

Question 36

Factors affecting spermatogenesis (6)

Answer 36

* Drugs * Infections and viruses * Systemic illnesses * Prolonged heat exposure (Hot tubs, tight underwear, bike riding) * Pesticide exposure * Radiation

Question 37

Female infertility causative factors

Answer 37

Ovulatory dysfunction Tubal and pelvic pathology Cervical mucus factors (Infection and surgery)