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Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) > Genetics, Conception, & Fetal Development > Flashcards

Genetics, Conception, & Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Gamete

A

Union of egg and sperm

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cell (reproductive cells) division yields cells with ½ genetic material (23 chromosomes).

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process of forming sex cells or gametes

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

sperm production

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5
Q

Oogenesis

A

Egg formation

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6
Q

What increase fallopian tube motility to propel the oven to the uterus?

A

High estrogen levels

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7
Q

At ovulation the ovarian follicle releases a ______.

A

Mature ovum

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8
Q

Of are fertile for _____

A

24hrs

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9
Q

If no fertilization, what happens to the ovum?

A

It is reabsorbed

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10
Q

Ejacuation contains how many sperm?

A

200-500

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11
Q

They remain viable for how many hours?

A

49 to 72

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12
Q

What is capacitation

A

Enzymes that promote acrosome (protective covering) removal so sperm can penetrate the egg.

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13
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

in lower 1/3 of the fallopian tube.

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14
Q

When fertilization occurs the egg & sperm become _______ to any more sperm?

A

Impenetrable

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15
Q

When does Mitotic replication (cleavage) occur?

A

Begins as zygote travels toward uterus.

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16
Q

How long is transit?

A

3-4 days

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17
Q

What does the zone pelucida do?

A

Protects cells

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18
Q

How many cells does the zygote contain when it enters the uterus?

A

Called a morula and contains 16 cells

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19
Q

As cells continue to divide the structure develops & becomes known as ______?

A

Blastocyst

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20
Q

What is a woman’s window of conception?

A

3 days

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21
Q

What happens to the the blastocyst between days 6-10?

A

Embeds into endometrium (usually fundal region)

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22
Q

What is the embedding of the blastocyst called?

A

Implantation

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23
Q

What are chorionic villi?

A

fingerlike projections that develop to tap into rich endometrial blood supply (obtain O2 and dispose of CO2 here).

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24
Q

What happens after implantation?

A

The endometrium termed the decidua

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25
What does pregnancy counting begin with?
First day of the last menstrual period.
26
Pregnancy actually occurs ______ wks after last pregnancy.
2 wks
27
This would be a pregnancy actually lasting
38 wks or 266 days
28
What is a woman’s EDC with a LMP of 01/01/2015
10/08/14
29
What is a woman’s EDC with a LMP of 09/28/13?
07/05/14
30
When is the most dangerous time fore exposure to teratogens?
8 wks. Still a zygote.
31
Amniotic cavity develops and eventually houses?
Amniotic sac
32
Amniotic fluid contains
800 to 1200 mL at birth
33
What does amniotic fluid maintain?
Fetal temp
34
What is the source of oral fluid & outlet for fetal waste?
Amniotic fluid
35
What does the amniotic fluid help expand?
baby's alveoli
36
Oligohydramnios
<300mL of fluid. Fetal renal abnormalities .
37
Hydramnios
>2000ml of fluid. Fetal GI abnormalities.
38
What does a lecithin/sphingomyelin determine?
fetal lung maturity
39
What does karyotyping determine?
& structure of chromosomes.
40
A focused assessment in a baby with oligohydramnios includes
Urine output
41
A focused assessment in a baby with hydramnios includes
Bowel movements
42
What is the yolk sac?
Membrane surrounding embryo.
43
What does the yolk sac do?
Transfers maternal nutrients. Site for initial blood & gas exchange. Lasts only about 3 wks.
44
What happens to the yolk sac after it is finished?
Becomes part of the fetal digestive system
45
After ____ wks blood vessels develop that supply the embryo with ______ and _____ from the umbilical card.
3rd wk | nutrients and oxygen.
46
The umbilical cord contains ____ arteries that carry blood from embryo to ___ _____.
2 arteries | chrorionic villi
47
____ vein returns blood to embryo
1 vien
48
True knot?
places the fetus at risk before and during birth.
49
False knot
kink or folds in the cord that compromise fetal circulation.
50
Nuchal cord?
Neck cord
51
Wharton's Jelly?
cushions the vessels in the cord.
52
Maternal –placental – embryonic circulation functional by day _____ when embryonic heart begins beating.
17
53
Placental structure complete by week | _______.
12
54
How does the placenta function?
Functions by producing hCG to maintain pregnancy.
55
What does Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin or Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) do?
Stimulates maternal metabolism to promotes fetal growth. Increases maternal resistance to insulin. Facilitates glucose transport across placental membrane for fetus. Stimulates breast development.
56
What does progesterone do?
Maintains endometrium. Decreases contractility of uterus (in early pregnancy). Stimulates maternal metabolism & development of breast alveoli. May give IM to maintain threatened miscarriage.
57
What does maternal estrogen do?
Enlarge breast tissue. | Stimulate myometrial contractility (in late pregnancy).
58
What is Pinocytosis
Transfer of large molecules across placental membrane. | Fetal passive immunity through transfer of maternal immunoglobulins
59
What is Placental tears?
Small breaks occasionally leak fetal blood into maternal circulation = antibody formation of RH - mothers to RH + babies.
60
What is placental function?
Depends on maternal circulation. | At term 10% of maternal cardiac output goes to the fetus.
61
What does estrogen produced by the placenta do?
Enlarges breast tissue
62
Fetal period is
9 wks until delivery
63
During fetal period there is less danger from _____
Teratogens, except those that affect CNS
64
Viability (the potential to live outside the womb) possible ______ after conception.
20wks | Actually 22wks pregnant (from last period)
65
External uterine survival depends on ____ and _____.
CNS and lung maturation
66
A baby born at 18 wks gestation will
Not survive
67
A baby born at 34 weeks gestation will
Probably survive
68
After _____ sufficient surfactant is present to promote survival in most infants.
32 wks
69
What is Lecithin.
Postnatal lung expansion
70
L/S ratio should be
2:1 - indicates fetal lung maturity
71
Best test to determine fetal lung maturity is:
L/S Ratio
72
Normal birth process squeezes
1/3 of fluid from fetal lungs
73
What is the first organ system to work?
Circulatory system
74
What are the shunts that allow blood to bypass liver and lungs?
Ductus venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
75
What are the 3 characteristics that allow the fetus to obtain oxygen from the maternal blood.
1. Fetal hemoglobin carries 20%-30% more O2 than maternal hemoglobin. 2. Fetal hemoglobin concentration is 50% greater than that of mother. 3. FHR is 110-160 bpm - increased CO.
76
Any woman carrying a fetus longer than ______ can have RH isoimmunization.
6 wks
77
_________ is stored in the fetal liver and gives the infant extra energy in situations of stress.
Glucose
78
_____, stored in the fetal liver, can supply infant for ____ months after birth.
Iron | 5
79
Many GI malformations occur between weeks______ of development.
5 and 10
80
A newborn should void within ______ hrs
24
81
The fetus can feel & must have ________ when invasive procedures are performed.
anesthesia
82
Hypothyroidism in the fetus can cause ________
retardation
83
Infants of diabetic mothers get _____ and _____
hyperglycemia & macrosomia (large baby).
84
Can tell sex externally after ____ wk.
9th
85
____ is acquired through breastmilk (colostrum) - offers passive immunity.
IgA
86
Fraternal twins are not
Genetically alike and can be different sexes
87
Risk of twins increases with increased with what 3 factors?
increased maternal age, increased parity, and use of fertility drugs.
88
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins One fertilized egg divides. Same sex & same genotype (genotype). Division usually occur between day 4 & 8 .
89
What increases the risk of conjoined twins?
Later the cells divide the greater the chance
90
What is a high risk when a woman is having twins?
Greater mortality due to cord accidents & combined circulatory problems.
91
The biggest danger with an identical twin pregnancy is
Circulatory problems

Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) (20 decks)

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