Genetics Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Phenotypes

Answer 1

Alternate types of traits

Answer 2

Phenotype usually found in nature

Answer 3

Heritable variants that differ from the "Wild Type" - an "Abnormal" trait. They arise from wild types as a result of mutations

Answer 4

Round or Wrinkled Seeds Yellow or Green Seeds Purple or White Petals Inflated or Pinched Pea Pods Green or Yellow Unripe Pods Axial or Terminal Flowers Long or Short Stems

Answer 5

"Pure Line" plants, those that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

Answer 6

"Cross-Pollination" plants, mating between two true-breeding varieties; wild-type crossed with a mutant

Answer 7

"Parental" Generation; true-breeding generation

Answer 8

1st filal generation; the hybrid offspring

Answer 9

2nd filal generation; offspring from an F1 and F1 hybrid

Answer 10

- One phenotype disappeared in the F1 generation - Missing phenotype reappears in F2 generation - 3:1 ration of parental phenotypes

Answer 11

A trait fully expressed in crosses between two true-breeding types

Answer 12

A trait that is not expressed in crosses between two true-breeding types

Answer 13

Mating between an F1 hybrid and one parental type - resulted in a 1:1 cross

Answer 14

Fertilized Egg

Answer 15

Combo of alleles underlying a phenotype

Answer 16

An organism with 2 identical alleles for a gene

Answer 17

An organism with 2 different alleles for a gene (not true-breeding)

Answer 18

Heredity factor necessary for production of a trait - for each trait, an organism inherits two copies of a gene, one from each parent

Answer 19

Alternative variations of genes - the dominant allele determines an organism's appearance

Answer 20

2 alleles for a heritable characteristic separate during gamete formation and end up in equal # of gametes - at fertilization, gametes fuse at random, results in predictable phenotypic rations

Answer 21

Division of cells in the body - products are exact copies of the parent cells

Answer 22

Division of the nuclear material of somatic cells Interphase -> Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase -> Daughter Cells

Answer 23

They have two copies of each chromosome

Answer 24

Division of specialized cells called melocytes, in the sex organs - Products are haploid

Answer 25

Half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell - only one copy of each set of chromosomes

Answer 26

Reproductive cells of animals & some plants (eggs and sperms)

Answer 27

Division of the nuclear material of sex cells

Answer 28

Interphase -> Prophase -> Metaphase 1 -> Anaphase 1 -> Telophase 1 -> Prophase 2 -> Metaphase 2 -> Anaphase 2 -> Telophase 2 -> 4 Haploid daughter cells

Answer 29

Proceeds Meiosis cell growth DNA synthesis - DNA condenses into chromosomes Forms sister chromatids attached at the centromere

Answer 30

Chromosomes pair; crossing over occurs Exchange of genetic material between chromosomes Spindle microtubules form Centrioles move to opposite poles Nuclear membrane breaks down

Answer 31

Pairs of homologous chromosomes lineup at metaphase plate Chromosomes lineup independently of how they were inherited (Mendel's Law of Assortment)

Answer 32

Homologous chromosomes separate Pulled to opposite poles Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

Answer 33

Each half of the cell has a haploid set of duplicated chromosomes Each chromosome has two sister chromatids The nuclear membrane forms here Cytokinesis happens here

Answer 34

Division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

Answer 35

Sister chromatids are still paired Spindle microtubules form Centrioles move to opposite poles Nuclear membrane breaks down

Answer 36

Sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate They are connected to the centrioles by microtubules

Answer 37

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

Answer 38

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles Nuclei form Chromosomes begin descending into chromatin Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm

Answer 39

Results in 4 haploid daughter cells Each daughter has a single set of chromosomes Each daughter cell is genetically distinct

Answer 40

Genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes Proposed by Walter Sutton in 1903 and Theodor Boveri and demonstrated in 1910 by Thomas Morgan

Answer 41

The two alleles for a hertiable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Answer 42

Daughter cells are identical to parental cell

Answer 43

Cell division by replication and the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell - happens in prokaryotes

Answer 44

"Purple" allele codes for an enzyme that functions in the synthesis of purple pigment, "white" allele does not code for pigment synthesis and as long as on functional copy of "purple" allele is present then purple pigment is produced

Answer 45

Prometer 5'-UTR Coding Region Start Codon Exon Active Site Intron Stop Codon 3'-UTR

Answer 46

Signals the transcription start point

Answer 47

Untranslated region not translated to proteins

Answer 48

Contains genetic information that will be translated

Answer 49

Initiates translation (AUG)

Answer 50

Sequences within DNA that are translated into proteins (coding regions) the active site is here

Answer 51

Codes for the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

Answer 52

Sequences within DNA that are not translated into proteins (non-coding regions)

Answer 53

Terminates translation (UAA, UAG, UGA)

Answer 54

Signals end of transcription and the site for RNA processing

Answer 55

Null = Non-functional Leaky = Partially functional Silent = No change

Answer 56

Used to denote wild-type in a Punnett square

Answer 57

Mutant albino allele

Answer 58

One gene copy has enough function to produce the wild type phenotype

Answer 59

One gene copy is not enough to function sufficiently to produce wild type

Answer 60

One gene copy has enough function to produce an intermediate phenotype but is insufficient for producing the wild type

Answer 61

Mate individual of unknown heterozygosity with a fully recessive individual

Answer 62

X,X = Female characteristics X,Y = Male characteristics

Answer 63

Two copies of the same sex chromosome (X,X)

Answer 64

One copy of each sex chromosome (X,Y)

Answer 65

"Half-Zygous" - only one copy of X so it cannot be homo or heterozygous

Answer 66

Homologous regions on the X and Y chromosomes Facilitates pairing of X and Y during meiosis Crossing over can occur

Answer 67

XY system is not the only chromosomal system of sex determination Ex. Turtles sex is determined by the temperature during development in the egg

Answer 68

Many human diseases are caused by mutations in single genes

Answer 69

A family tree that describes the inheritance of a trait across generations Can be used to predict the probability that an offspring will have a given trait Infer single-gene inheritance

Answer 70

Two normal parents may have an affected child, frequently show "skipped" generation, more frequent among children of incest

Answer 71

Every affected individual has at least one affected parent; both males & females can be affected; does not skip generations

Answer 72

Heterozygous for a single gene under study

Answer 73

Mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for a single gene

Answer 74

Double heterozygote; heterozygous for 2 genes under study (aka comparing round vs wrinkly and yellow vs green)

Answer 75

Mating between 2 double heterozygotes

Answer 76

The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilites

Answer 77

Meiotic process that generates a haploid product with new combinations of the alleles carried by the haploid genotypes that unite to form the meiocyte

Answer 78

Gametic type (meiotic output) that differs from either parental type (meiotic input)

Answer 79

Traits that vary in a population along a continum

Answer 80

A trait influenced by multiple genes

Answer 81

The interacting genes underlying hereditary continuous variation (they are on different chromosomes and show independent assortment)

Answer 82

Found in all Eukaryotic cells, are sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Answer 83

Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis, the process that converts solar energy to chemical energy

Answer 84

Mitochondrial diseases will be passed from mother to all her children and her daughter’s children. Diseases will continue to be inherited along the maternal lineage in future generations.

Answer 85

Replaces mitochondria containing disease-causing mutations with “healthy” mitochondria.

Answer 86

Repair is done after fertilization. In vitro fertilization of both recipient’s egg and donor’s egg (sperm from the same father) Fertilized nucleus removed from recipient’s egg and the donor’s egg Recipient’s nucleus inserted into enucleated donor’s egg containing healthy mitochondria After checking for mitochondrial mutations, blastocyst is implanted in recipient’s uterus

Answer 87

Repair is done before fertilization Unfertilized nucleus removed from recipient’s egg and donor’s egg Recipient’s unfertilized nucleus inserted into enucleated donor’s egg containing healthy mtDNA In vitro fertilization After checking for mitochondrial mutations, blastocyst is implanted in recipient’s uterus

Answer 88

Repair is done before fertilization Unfertilized nucleus removed from donor’s egg Polar body extracted from recipient’s unfertilized egg Polar body inserted into enucleated donor’s egg containing healthy mtDNA In vitro fertilization After checking for mitochondrial mutations, blastocyst is implanted in recipient’s uterus

Answer 89

Procedures may cause damage that is not well understood. Maternal mitochondria will be carried over to the donor egg (minor risk: < 2% carried over) Eggs may mature abnormally Adverse "mito–nuclear" interactions (no data in support of this theoretical risk) Limited studies in large animal models

Answer 90

Occur on the same chromosome. Linked alleles tend to be inherited together—they are physically joined. Results in a deviation from Independent Assortment

Answer 91

Are the sites of crossing over

Answer 92

1931—early evidence that crossing over involves breakage-and-rejoining of DNA

Answer 93

Crossovers can occur at multiple sites Multiple crossovers can only be detected when studying three or more linked genes Multiple crossovers can include two or more chromatids

Answer 94

The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency

Answer 95

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

Answer 96

The distance between genes for which 1% of gametes (products of meiosis) are recombinants.

Answer 97

Frequency of observed recombinants 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦= (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)/(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔) answer x 100 for m.u.

Answer 98

Variation in a single base pair in a DNA sequence Allele 1: AGGCATTA Allele 2: AGGTATTA

Answer 99

Variable number of short sequence repeats (alleles vary in number of repetitive units) Allele 1: CTCTCTCT (4 repeats) Allele 2: CTCTCT-- (3 repeats) Allele 3: CTCT---- (2 repeats)

Answer 100

Map the relative loci of genes based on recombination frequencies

Answer 101

Map genes as segments arranged along the DNA molecule constituting a chromosome

Answer 102

A statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by chance Compares observed values with those expected under a given hypothesis (e.g., independent assortment) "χ" ^2=∑▒〖(𝑂_𝑖−𝐸_𝑖)〗^2/𝐸_𝑖

Genetics Exam 1 Flashcards

(126 cards)