Genetics in the lab Flashcards
(21 cards)
what is Bioarcheology?
the study of Hunan an animal remains
what are the applications of techniques in genetics?
Molecular genetics, energy sources, risk assessments, Bioarcheology
What is the purpose of Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
To amplify DBA samples and allow for size differentiation during electrophoresis
How do DNA fragments move through a gel in Gel electrophoresis?
They move using an alternating electrical current from the cathode to the anode and the smaller fragments move faster
Why are DNA Ladders used in experiments?
To compare sample sizes against known standards for identification
What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering ?
to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky or blunt ends for DNA fragment insertion into vectors
Name some applications for Gel electrophoresis
Gene engineering, sequencing and fingerprinting such as the southern, northern, eastern and western blot
What are the two main DNA sequencing techniques?
Maxam-gilbert method (chemical method) and the Sanger method (chain termination)
what are Gene libraries used for?
They are collections of genetic sequences used for studying gene function, gene mapping, and personalised medicine
Describe the pronuclear Technique
Pro-nuclear injection (containing DNA) which is inserted into fertilised eggs too generate organisms or tissues so that the next generation carry the traits
What is a transgenic animal?
an animal whose genome has been modified to carry genes from another species or to use techniques for animal genome editing for specific traits.
how does CRISPR Technology use bacterial defence mechanisms?
The natural defence mechanisms of Bacteria is incorporated into the DNA of the organism which then take pieces of the viral genome and inserts into palindromic repeats which allows bacteria to recognises the virus more easily and so can destroy it
what are some examples of environmental and agricultural applications of biotechnology?
Environmental clean up by modifying microorganisms and agricultural advancements such as increased resistance and higher crop yields
what are some of the ethical considerations of biotechnology?
Debates over modifications, concerns about gm, human genetics and ecological impacts
why is gene therapy considered to be a significant advance in medicine?
It allows direct genomic modification for the treatment of various conditions due to it being personalised
How is CRISPR tech different to traditional genetic engineering methods?
CRISPR uses bacterial defence mechanisms for precise gene editing, improving efficiency and accuracy in GM
What role do DNA libraries play in genetic research
they serve essential resources for analysing genetic sequences aiding in gene function studies, gene mapping, and personalised medicine
what is the PCR procedure?
Denaturation (98’c) - separation of DNA strands
Primer annealing (55’c) primers bind to the single-stranded DNA
extension (72’c) nucleotides are added to the primers by Taq polymerase to form a double-stranded copy of the target DNA
cycle carries on until the required amount of DNA 25-30 cycles
what is real time PCR?
It is the same process as PCR but using fluorescence to analyse the product while it is running
what are the benefits of real time PCR?
no need to visualise through electrophoresis to make more DNA
