genetics test

Question 1

what is mitosis?

Answer 1

cell division of somatic cells that ends up with two identical daughter cells. The purpose is for repair and growth.

Question 2

what is meiosis?

Answer 2

cell division resulting in daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes as the original amount.

Question 3

what is an eukaryotic cell?

Answer 3

cell with genetic material in the nucleus

Question 4

what is a chromatin

Answer 4

loosely arranged chromosomes during interphase

Question 5

what is a chromosome?

Answer 5

thread shape dna and proteins that form when the chromatin changes during cell division.

Question 6

what is a karyotype

Answer 6

representation of a complete set of homologous chromosomes in order.

Question 7

what is dna composed of?

Answer 7

nucleotide

Question 8

structure of a nucleotide

Answer 8

nitrogenous base, phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar.

Question 9

what are the four nitrogenous bases?

Answer 9

thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine

Question 10

which nitrogenous bases are pyrimides and which are purines?

Answer 10

adenine and guanine are purines, and thymine and cytosine are pyrimides.

Question 11

what is a character trait?

Answer 11

physical, psychological or phisiological attributes of an organism.

Question 12

what is a gene

Answer 12

a particular sequence within dna that codes for proteins

Question 13

what is a protein

Answer 13

molecule composed of amino acids

Question 14

what is a genome

Answer 14

complete set of genes within an individual

Question 15

what is dna replication

Answer 15

dna duplicates during interphase so that there is the right amount of identical chromosomes

Question 16

what are the enzymes involved in dna replication

Answer 16

DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

Question 17

what are the roles of proteins

Answer 17

support, transport, message and control, catalysis

Question 18

what is protein synthesis

Answer 18

the manufacturing of proteins from the instructions found in DNA

Question 19

what is RNA

Answer 19

single stranded messenger that carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome where proteins are manufactured

Question 20

what are the ribonucleic bases found in RNA

Answer 20

cytosine, guanine, uracil, adenine

Question 21

what is mRNA

Answer 21

messenger RNA that carries copied instructions from DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome

Question 22

what is tRNA

Answer 22

transfer RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

Question 23

what is dna transcription

Answer 23

DNA unzips and is copied by mRNA so it can be taken out of the nucleus

Question 24

what is mRNA attachment

Answer 24

After copying the dna code, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome in triplets.

Question 25

when does protein start to be maufactured?

Answer 25

when there is a start codon (triplet)

Question 26

what is translation into a protein

Answer 26

ribosome reads the mRNA in triplets (which are all associated with a specific amino acid), and the tRNA bring complementary code to the codons (anticodons)

Question 27

how does protein synthesis finish?

Answer 27

the ribosome reaches a stop codon that completed the amino acid strand. The strand diconnects from the tRNA to form a completed synthesized protein.

Question 28

what is an amino acid

Answer 28

the building blocks of proteins

Question 29

how many different amino acids are there

Answer 29

20

Question 30

what are essential amino acids

Answer 30

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by organisms. (have to be ingested)

Question 31

what is heredity?

Answer 31

transmission of parent character traits to an offspring

Question 32

what is a pure line

Answer 32

a group of individuals withing the same species who have the same trait that produce an offspring with the same trait.

Question 33

what is crossbreeding

Answer 33

the exchange of gametes in sexual reproduction

Question 34

what is a hybrid

Answer 34

an individual obtained by crossbreeding

Question 35

what is a generation

Answer 35

group of offspring from the same parents

Question 36

what is an allele

Answer 36

possible form of a gene. Different alleles have different nucleotide sequences

Question 37

what is a homozygote

Answer 37

an individual who has alike alleles (homozygous alleles)

Question 38

what is a heterozygote

Answer 38

an individual with two different alleles (heterozygous alleles)

Question 39

what is a dominant allele

Answer 39

the allele that is expressed (in heterozygous individuals)

Question 40

what is a recessive allele

Answer 40

the allele that is not expressed when a person is heterozygous. It only shows up when both alleles are recessive

Question 41

what is a genotype

Answer 41

an individuals genetic heritance

Question 42

what is a phenotype

Answer 42

the way the genotype of an individual expresses itself

Question 43

what is the law of segregation of alleles

Answer 43

alleles for a specific traits seperate when gametes are formed. Each half receives one allele

Question 44

what is the law of independant assortment

Answer 44

each allele seperates independently when more than one trait is being studied. the allele given to one gamete for one gene do not influence the other genes

Question 45

what are punnett squares used for

Answer 45

to express genotype possibilities

Question 46

what is genotypic ratio

Answer 46

the amount of one genotype relative to the total amount of possibilites

Question 47

what is phenotypic ratio

Answer 47

the amount of one phenotype relative to the total amount of possibilities.

Question 48

what is a monohybrid inheritance pattern

Answer 48

only one trait is being studied

Question 49

what is a dihybrid inheritance cross

Answer 49

two traits are being studied

Question 50

what is an incomplete inheritance pattern

Answer 50

when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, so a third phenotype with a combination of the two alleles is produced

Question 51

what is codominance inheritance pattern

Answer 51

when no allele is dominant over the other, so both are expressed together.

Question 52

what is sex-linked inheritance pattern

Answer 52

characteristics derived from x and y chromosomes

Question 53

what is multiple allele inheritance pattern

Answer 53

three or more possible allele forms

Question 54

what is a pedigree chart

Answer 54

illustration of the inheritance of traits in a family