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Gr 11 Bio - Genetics Test Review > Genetics Test Review > Flashcards

Genetics Test Review Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

is the combination of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate.

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2
Q

What are the four different nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

A- adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine
Each person contains a different combination of A-T and C-G pairs

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3
Q

3 phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis (cell division)
  3. Cytokinesis
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4
Q

Mitosis purpose and end result

A

Purpose- for growth and to replace warn out cells.
End Result- to produces two identical daughter cells.

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5
Q

Phases and structures involved for Mitosis

A

Interphase:
-Nuclear Membrane
-Chromatin
-Centrioles
-Neucleus

Prophase:
-Spindle Fibres form from your centrioles
-Chromosomes become dense
-Neuclear Membrane dissolves

Metaphase:
-Sister Chromatids meet in the middle on the equator
-Centrioles

Anaphase:
-Sister Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
-Centrioles

Telophase:
-Cytoplasm stars to split
-Nuclear membrane forms

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6
Q

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

A

(Photo)

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7
Q

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis:
-For growth and repair
-Produced 2 identical daughter cells and incurs in the somatic (body) cells
-Diploid (2n)

Meiosis:
-For sexual reproduction
-Produces 4 unique gametes and occurs in the sex cells
-Haploid (n)

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8
Q

Terms:
Sister Chromatid

A

A chromosome and its duplicate, attached to one another by a centromere.

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

A single stranded chromosome.

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Structure that holds together chromatids.

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11
Q

Homologous Pair

A

Paired chromosomes, similar in size, shape, gene arrangement, and gene formation.

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12
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene.
(E.x. Different hair colour).

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13
Q

Crossing Over

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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14
Q

Gametes

A

Sex Cells (sperm and egg cells), have diploid number of chromosomes.

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15
Q

Haploid? What is it referred to? How many do humans have?

A

Refers to the number of chromosomes in a gamete.
Referred to as N.
In humans the haploid number of chromosomes is 23.

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16
Q

Diploid. What is it referred to? How many do humans have?

A

Refers to twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete.
Referred to as 2N.
In humans the diploid number of chromosomes is 46.

every cell in the body is diploid except sex cells

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17
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes.

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18
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Deletion

A

A piece of chromosome is deleted.

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19
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Inversion

A

A section is inverted.

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20
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Duplication

A

A section of chromosome appears 2 or more times in a row.

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21
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Translocation

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A

A segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome.

22
Q

Non-disjunction

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A

When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate as they should during anaphase I or II of meiosis.

23
Q

Monosomy

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A

One chromosome is lost due to non disjunction.

24
Q

Trisomy

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A

The gain of an extra chromosome due to non-disjunction.
most common in chromosome 21, 18, and 13

25
Autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes (non sex chromosomes). *remaining 1 pair is the sex chromosome (determines sex of individual*
26
Genders: Female? Male?
Female: XX Male: XY
27
Mistakes in meiosis results: Turner Syndrome Characteristics
Short stature Webbed neck Sexually underdeveloped
28
Mistakes in meiosis results: Klienefelter Syndrome Characteristics
Sexually immaturity (inability to produce sperm) Breast swelling
29
Mistakes in meiosis results: Down Syndrome Characteristics
Almond shaped eyes Flattened face Short stature
30
Reproductive Technologies Invitro & PGD
For humans — Invitro & PGD - The technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the females body - Offers a reproductive solution for women who have blocked fallopian tubes - May require multiple attempts and may also be emotionally challenging for couple - Many wonder if people will find ways to abuse the technology and if there’s a limit to how far we should go with them
31
Reproductive Technologies Gene Cloning
Gene Cloning: - The use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA. - Proteins produced in this way have numerous commercial and medical applications. - Before gene cloning, people with diabetes used purified insulin from animal sources. - Insulin was expensive to produce. - Many people have concerns about the potential misuse of cloning technology.
32
Law of Segregation
Traits are determined by 2 alleles of a gene.
33
Law of Independent Assortment
The alleles from different traits segregate independently from one another, meaning that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait. *this is why we are so unique, because our gene assortment is so specific*
34
Genotype
The genetic combination of gametes for a trait. E.x. The collection of alleles that an individual contains.
35
Phenotype
The physical appearance of a trait, based in genotype. E.x. RR = Physically round pea.
36
Dominant
The form of a trait that is always expressed when an individual has an allele for it. E.x. Rr or RR = Round pea.
37
Recessive
The form of a trait that will only be expressed if the individual has 2 alleles for it. E.x. rr = wrinkled pea.
38
Homologous
Describes the genotype of an individual with 2 alleles that are the same. E.x. RR = homologous dominant rr = homologous recessive
39
Heterozygous
Described the genotype of an individual with 2 alleles that are different. E.x. Rr, the phenotypic expression (observed trait) is always the dominant allele.
40
Complete Dominance
When one allele in a pair completely masks the effect of the other allele. So if a dominant allele is present it will always be expressed in the phenotype.
41
Monohybrid Crosses: What will the F1 generation be ur a mother who is heterozygous dominant for brown eyes mates with a father with blue eyes.
UPLOAD PHOTO.
42
Dihybrid Crosses: Determine the genotype and phenotypic ratios got the F1 generation for the following mating: A homozygous free earlobes, heterozygous widows peak mates with attached earlobe, straight hairline.
UPLOAD PHOTO
43
Patterns of inheritance and disorders: Autosomal Inheritance
Inheriting traits from genes on the autosomal chromosomes. *autosomal genes can be responsible for many inherited genetic disorders*
44
Patterns of inheritance and disorders: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, give an example.
Occurs when disease causing allele is dominant and the individual had one or both copies of the allele. *affected parents can have an unaffected child* E.x. Huntingtons disease.
45
Patterns of inheritance and disorders: Autosomal Recessive Disorders, give an example.
Inheritance of a recessive phenotype located on gene of an autosomal chromosome. *2 unaffected parents can have an affected child* (only happens if both parents are carriers) E.x. Cystic Fibrosis
46
Incomplete Dominance (e.x. Red & White)
No allele is either dominant or recessive. 2 different alleles combine in the zygote. The pink colour is produced by the blending of red and white alleles. UPLOAD PHOTO
47
Co-Dominance (e.x. Red and White) (E.x. Miss.Kwan’s thumbs)
Where both alleles are expressed at the same time. UPLOAD PHOTO
48
Difference between Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance? (e.x. colour pink)
C= Incomplete Dominance R W E.x. C C H= Co-Dominance R W E.x. H H
49
Multiple Alleles: Human blood type contain how many alleles? What are they?
Human blood constitute a series of 3 multiple alleles. A I = a dominant alleles- produces antigen A on the red blood cells. B A I = co dominant with I - produces antigen B on the red blood cells. O I = recessive allele- produced O antigen on the red blood cells. UPLOAD PHOTO
50
Antibodies: What are the blood types? Genotypes? Antigen present? And antibody present?
Everyone has antibodies that react with foreign antigens to cause clumping or agglutination which can be fatal. E.x. Antigen A would be agglutinated by antibody A. UPLOAD PHOTO
51
Multiple Alleles: What are the blood types? Who can each receive from and donate to?
UPLOAD PHOTO
52
X Linked Traits: Carrier Hemophilia and Hemophiliac mate.
UPLOAD PHOTO

Gr 11 Bio - Genetics Test Review (1 decks)

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