Genitourinary Conditions B Flashcards
(49 cards)
Nephritic Syndrome - Description
triad of haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension due to nephron inflammation
Nephritic Syndrome - Triad (3)
1) haematuria*
2) proteinuria
3) hypertension
Nephritic Syndrome - Causes (5)
1) IgA nephropathy
2) post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
3) systemic lupus erythematosus
4) Goodpasture’s syndrome
5) infective endocarditis
Nephritic Syndrome - Pathophysiology (3)
1) immune complex lodges in nephron capillary bed
2) inflammation and damage to nephron
3) proteins and cells (e.g. erythrocytes) pass through glomerulus into nephron tubule into urine
Nephritic Syndrome - Symptoms (1)
1) oliguria
Nephritic Syndrome - Signs (1)
1) petechiae/purpura/ecchymoses (uraemia)
Nephritic Syndrome - Complications (5)
1) chronic kidney disease
2) uraemia
3) hypertension
4) pleural effusion
5) ascites
Nephritic Syndrome - Investigations (5/1)
initial 1) urine dipstick (haematuria, proteinuria, pyuria) 2) urine microscopy (RBC casts) 3) BP (high) 4) eGFR (low) 5) skin swab culture (Strep.) consider 1) kidney biopsy (underlying cause)
Nephritic Syndrome - Management (2/2/0)
conservative 1) fluid restriction 2) salt restriction medical 1) treat underlying cause (e.g. corticosteroids for IgA nephropathy) 2) ACEi or ARB (proteinuria)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Description
Tetrad of proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, oedema due to podocyte damage
Nephrotic Syndrome - Tetrad (4)
1) proteinuria*
2) hypoalbuminaemia
3) hypercholesterolaemia
4) oedema
Nephrotic Syndrome - Causes (Primary) (3)
1) minimal change disease (most common)
2) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
3) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephrotic Syndrome - Causes (Secondary) (4)
1) diabetic nephropathy
2) systemic lupus erythematosus
3) amyloidosis
4) hepatitis (B, C)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Pathophysiology (6)
1) inflammation and damage to glomerular podocytes
2) proteins pass through glomerulus into nephron tubule into urine (proteinuria)
3) decreased plasma proteins (hypoalbuminaemia)
4) compensatory liver protein production (e.g. albumin, cholesterol) (hypercholesterolaemia)
5) decreased plasma oncotic pressure
6) water and electrolytes move into interstitium (oedema)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Signs (3)
1) pitting oedema (periorbital, ankles, elbows)
2) leukonychia
3) frothy urine
Nephrotic Syndrome - Complications (9)
1) acute kidney injury
2) chronic kidney disease
3) infection risk
4) hypercoagubility —> DVT —> PE
5) compensatory hypertension
6) cardiovascular disease
7) pleural effusion
8) ascites
9) uraemia
Nephrotic Syndrome - Investigations (3/1)
initial 1) urine dipstick (proteinuria) 2) LFT (low albumin) 3) lipid profile (high cholesterol) consider 1) renal biopsy (underlying cause)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Management (2/4/0)
conservative 1) fluid restriction (<1L/day) 2) salt restriction medical 1) treat underlying cause (e.g. corticosteroids for minimal change disease) 2) ACEi or ARB (proteinuria) 3) statin (hypercholesterolaemia) 4) diuretic (oedema)
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Description
genetic disorder resulting in progressive development of multiple kidney cysts
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Causes (2)
1) autosomal dominant PKD1 mutation (85%)
2) autosomal recessive PKD2 mutation (15%)
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Risk Factors (1)
1) family history (polycystic kidney disease, end stage renal failure, hypertension)
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Symptoms (5)
1) asymptomatic (up until 20 years old)
2) sudden onset severe writhing colicky loin to groin pain (renal colic)
3) abdominal/flank pain
4) haemturia
5) headaches (cerebrovascular event)
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Signs (2)
1) palpable kidneys
2) hepatomegaly
Polycystic Kidney Disease - Complications (10)
1) renal calculi
2) chronic kidney disease
3) polycystic kidney disease
4) hypertension
5) mitral regurgitation
6) aortic regurgitation
7) left ventricular hypertrophy
8) subarachnoid haemorrhage
9) gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
10) urinary tract infection
